glacier Who acts: glacier, huge thick mass, Glaciers, more snow, snow, We · What happens: be, move, freeze, form, fall, melt · To what, where: huge thick mass, land, ice, few centimetres, glacier, trip · Speech: someone speaks here
«glacier» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: glacier in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A glacier is a huge, thick mass of ice that moves very slowly over land, like a frozen river.
The tree, 19 words det nsubj cop det amod punct amod case nmod nsubj acl:relcl advmod advmod case obl punct case det amod obl punct root A DET glacier NOUN is AUX a DET huge ADJ , PUNCT thick ADJ mass NOUN of ADP ice NOUN that PRON moves VERB very ADV slowly ADV over ADP land NOUN , PUNCT like ADP a DET frozen VERB river NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 glacier det 2 glacier glacier NOUN Number=Sing 8 mass nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 mass cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 mass det 5 huge huge ADJ Degree=Pos 8 mass amod 6 , , PUNCT _ 5 huge punct 7 thick thick ADJ Degree=Pos 8 mass amod 8 mass mass NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 of of ADP _ 10 ice case 10 ice ice NOUN Number=Sing 8 mass nmod 11 that that PRON PronType=Rel 12 moves nsubj 12 moves move VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 mass acl:relcl 13 very very ADV _ 14 slowly advmod 14 slowly slowly ADV _ 12 moves advmod 15 over over ADP _ 16 land case 16 land land NOUN Number=Sing 12 moves obl 17 , , PUNCT _ 21 river punct 18 like like ADP _ 21 river case 19 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 21 river det 20 frozen freeze VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 21 river amod 21 river river NOUN Number=Sing 12 moves obl 22 . . PUNCT _ 8 mass punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a glacier a huge thick mass of ice tree rules 2 move present a huge thick mass land like a frozen river; slowly property vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme over land=Trajectory 3 freeze participle vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Glaciers form where more snow falls each year than melts, so the snow piles up and presses into ice.
The tree, 19 words nsubj advmod amod nsubj advcl det obl:unmarked mark advcl punct advmod det nsubj parataxis compound:prt cc conj case obl punct root Glaciers NOUN form VERB where ADV more ADJ snow NOUN falls VERB each DET year NOUN than SCONJ melts VERB , PUNCT so ADV the DET snow NOUN piles VERB up ADP and CCONJ presses VERB into ADP ice NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Glaciers glacier NOUN Number=Plur 2 form nsubj 2 form form VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 where where ADV PronType=Rel 6 falls advmod 4 more more ADJ Degree=Cmp 5 snow amod 5 snow snow NOUN Number=Sing 6 falls nsubj 6 falls fall VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 form advcl 7 each each DET PronType=Tot 8 year det 8 year year NOUN Number=Sing 6 falls obl:unmarked 9 than than SCONJ _ 10 melts mark 10 melts melt VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 falls advcl 11 , , PUNCT _ 15 piles punct 12 so so ADV _ 15 piles advmod 13 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 14 snow det 14 snow snow NOUN Number=Sing 15 piles nsubj 15 piles pile VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 form parataxis 16 up up ADP _ 15 piles compound:prt 17 and and CCONJ _ 18 presses cc 18 presses press VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 15 piles conj 19 into into ADP _ 20 ice case 20 ice ice NOUN Number=Sing 18 presses obl 21 . . PUNCT _ 2 form punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 form present Glaciers vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 fall present more snow year vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme 3 melt present more snow not said here vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 4 pile up present the snow vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme 5 press present the snow not said here ice vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent into ice=Trajectory
Example 1 A glacier moves only a few centimetres or metres a day.
det nsubj advmod det amod obj cc conj det obl:unmarked punct root A DET glacier NOUN moves VERB only ADV a DET few ADJ centimetres NOUN or CCONJ metres NOUN a DET day NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 glacier det 2 glacier glacier NOUN Number=Sing 3 moves nsubj 3 moves move VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 only only ADV _ 7 centimetres advmod 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 centimetres det 6 few few ADJ Degree=Pos 7 centimetres amod 7 centimetres centimetre NOUN Number=Plur 3 moves obj 8 or or CCONJ _ 9 metres cc 9 metres metre NOUN Number=Plur 7 centimetres conj 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 day det 11 day day NOUN Number=Sing 3 moves obl:unmarked 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 moves punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 move present a glacier a few centimetres or metres day vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent centimetre=Theme
Example 2 We saw a glacier on our trip to New Zealand.
nsubj det obj case nmod:poss obl case flat nmod punct root We PRON saw VERB a DET glacier NOUN on ADP our PRON trip NOUN to ADP New PROPN Zealand PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 saw nsubj 2 saw see VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 glacier det 4 glacier glacier NOUN Number=Sing 2 saw obj 5 on on ADP _ 7 trip case 6 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 trip nmod:poss 7 trip trip NOUN Number=Sing 2 saw obl 8 to to ADP _ 10 Zealand case 9 New New PROPN Number=Sing 10 Zealand flat 10 Zealand Zealand PROPN Number=Sing 7 trip nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 saw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 see past We a glacier our trip to New Zealand vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer glacier=Stimulus 2 trip our to New Zealand nom trip «act transitive»: poss=agent to=obl
Example 3 Long ago, glaciers covered much of Canada and northern Britain.
advmod advmod punct nsubj obj case nmod cc amod conj punct root Long ADV ago ADV , PUNCT glaciers NOUN covered VERB much ADJ of ADP Canada PROPN and CCONJ northern ADJ Britain PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Long long ADV Degree=Pos 2 ago advmod 2 ago ago ADV _ 5 covered advmod 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 ago punct 4 glaciers glacier NOUN Number=Plur 5 covered nsubj 5 covered cover VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 much much ADJ Degree=Pos 5 covered obj 7 of of ADP _ 8 Canada case 8 Canada Canada PROPN Number=Sing 6 much nmod 9 and and CCONJ _ 11 Britain cc 10 northern northern ADJ Degree=Pos 11 Britain amod 11 Britain Britain PROPN Number=Sing 8 Canada conj 12 . . PUNCT _ 5 covered punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cover past glaciers much of Canada and northern Britain ago property vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme much=Destination
Example 4 The glacier carved a wide U-shaped valley.
det nsubj det amod compound punct amod obj punct root The DET glacier NOUN carved VERB a DET wide ADJ U PROPN - PUNCT shaped VERB valley NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 glacier det 2 glacier glacier NOUN Number=Sing 3 carved nsubj 3 carved carve VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 valley det 5 wide wide ADJ Degree=Pos 9 valley amod 6 U U PROPN Number=Sing 8 shaped compound 7 - - PUNCT _ 6 U punct 8 shaped shape VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 9 valley amod 9 valley valley NOUN Number=Sing 3 carved obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 carved punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 carve past the glacier a wide shaped valley vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent valley=Theme 2 shape participle vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset
Example 5 Many glaciers are melting because the climate is getting warmer.
amod nsubj aux mark det nsubj aux advcl xcomp punct root Many ADJ glaciers NOUN are AUX melting VERB because SCONJ the DET climate NOUN is AUX getting VERB warmer ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Many many ADJ Degree=Pos 2 glaciers amod 2 glaciers glacier NOUN Number=Plur 4 melting nsubj 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 melting aux 4 melting melt VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 because because SCONJ _ 9 getting mark 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 climate det 7 climate climate NOUN Number=Sing 9 getting nsubj 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 getting aux 9 getting get VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 melting advcl 10 warmer warm ADJ Degree=Cmp 9 getting xcomp 11 . . PUNCT _ 4 melting punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 melt present · progressive Many glaciers vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 get present · progressive the climate warm property vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer
Example 6 Icebergs break off glaciers that reach the sea.
nsubj compound:prt obj nsubj acl:relcl det obj punct root Icebergs NOUN break VERB off ADP glaciers NOUN that PRON reach VERB the DET sea NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Icebergs iceberg NOUN Number=Plur 2 break nsubj 2 break break VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 off off ADP _ 2 break compound:prt 4 glaciers glacier NOUN Number=Plur 2 break obj 5 that that PRON PronType=Rel 6 reach nsubj 6 reach reach VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 glaciers acl:relcl 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 sea det 8 sea sea NOUN Number=Sing 6 reach obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 break punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 break off present Icebergs glaciers vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer glacier=Patient 2 reach present glaciers the sea vn body_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent sea=Theme
Example 7 Walking on a glacier is dangerous because of hidden cracks called crevasses.
csubj case det obl cop case fixed amod obl acl xcomp punct root Walking VERB on ADP a DET glacier NOUN is AUX dangerous ADJ because ADP of ADP hidden ADJ cracks NOUN called VERB crevasses NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Walking walk VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 dangerous csubj 2 on on ADP _ 4 glacier case 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 glacier det 4 glacier glacier NOUN Number=Sing 1 Walking obl 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 dangerous cop 6 dangerous dangerous ADJ Degree=Pos root root 7 because because ADP ExtPos=ADP 10 cracks case 8 of of ADP _ 7 because fixed 9 hidden hidden ADJ Degree=Pos 10 cracks amod 10 cracks crack NOUN Number=Plur 6 dangerous obl 11 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 10 cracks acl 12 crevasses crevasse NOUN Number=Plur 11 called xcomp 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 dangerous punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 walk gerund a glacier vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on glacier=Trajectory 2 is present Walking because hidden cracks; dangerous property tree rules 3 call participle hidden cracks not said here crevasses vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 8 Our teacher showed photos of the same glacier fifty years apart.
nmod:poss nsubj obj case det amod nmod nummod obl:unmarked advmod punct root Our PRON teacher NOUN showed VERB photos NOUN of ADP the DET same ADJ glacier NOUN fifty NUM years NOUN apart ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 teacher nmod:poss 2 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 3 showed nsubj 3 showed show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 photos photo NOUN Number=Plur 3 showed obj 5 of of ADP _ 8 glacier case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 glacier det 7 same same ADJ Degree=Pos 8 glacier amod 8 glacier glacier NOUN Number=Sing 4 photos nmod 9 fifty fifty NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 10 years nummod 10 years year NOUN Number=Plur 11 apart obl:unmarked 11 apart apart ADV _ 3 showed advmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 showed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show past Our teacher photos of the same glacier apart property vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent photo=Recipient
Example 9 They had only one more glacier to climb.
nsubj advmod nummod amod obj mark acl punct root They PRON had VERB only ADV one NUM more ADJ glacier NOUN to PART climb VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 They they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 had nsubj 2 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 only only ADV _ 4 one advmod 4 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 6 glacier nummod 5 more more ADJ Degree=Cmp 6 glacier amod 6 glacier glacier NOUN Number=Sing 2 had obj 7 to to PART _ 8 climb mark 8 climb climb VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 glacier acl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past They one more glacier vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent glacier=Patient 2 climb to-infinitive They not said here one more glacier not said here vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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