grindstone

Who acts: flat round stone, farmer, Dad, He · What happens: turn, use, sharpen, keep, mean, work · To what, where: axle, tools, nose, grindstone, scythe, knife · Speech: someone speaks here

«grindstone» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: grindstone in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

A flat round stone that turns on an axle, used to sharpen tools such as axes and knives. «Keep your nose to the grindstone» means keep working hard without a rest.

Sentence 1: A flat round stone that turns on an axle, used to sharpen tools such as axes and knives.

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 stone	det
2	flat	flat	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 stone	amod
3	round	round	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 stone	amod
4	stone	stone	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 turns	nsubj
6	turns	turn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 stone	acl:relcl
7	on	on	ADP	_	9 axle	case
8	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 axle	det
9	axle	axle	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 turns	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 used	punct
11	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 axle	acl
12	to	to	PART	_	13 sharpen	mark
13	sharpen	sharpen	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	11 used	advcl
14	tools	tool	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 sharpen	obj
15	such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP	17 axes	case
16	as	as	ADP	_	15 such	fixed
17	axes	ax	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 tools	nmod
18	and	and	CCONJ	_	19 knives	cc
19	knives	knife	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 axes	conj
20	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 stone	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	turn	present	a flat round stone		a axle		vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme on axle=Trajectory
2	use	participle		a axle not said here			vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	sharpen	to-infinitive		tools		such axes and knives	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent tool=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: «Keep your nose to the grindstone» means keep working hard without a rest.

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	«	«	PUNCT	_	2 Keep	punct
2	Keep	keep	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	9 means	nsubj
3	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	4 nose	nmod:poss
4	nose	nose	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 Keep	obj
5	to	to	ADP	_	7 grindstone	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 grindstone	det
7	grindstone	grindstone	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 Keep	obl
8	»	»	PUNCT	_	2 Keep	punct
9	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
10	keep	keep	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	9 means	ccomp
11	working	work	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	10 keep	xcomp
12	hard	hard	ADV	Degree=Pos	11 working	advmod
13	without	without	ADP	_	15 rest	case
14	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 rest	det
15	rest	rest	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 working	obl
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 means	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	keep in a quote	infinitive	your nose	to the grindstone	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nose=Theme
2	mean	present			vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3	keep	infinitive			tree rules
4	work	gerund		without a rest; hard property	vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Example 1

The farmer turned the grindstone to sharpen the scythe.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 farmer	det
2	farmer	farmer	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 turned	nsubj
3	turned	turn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 grindstone	det
5	grindstone	grindstone	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 turned	obj
6	to	to	PART	_	7 sharpen	mark
7	sharpen	sharpen	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 turned	advcl
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 scythe	det
9	scythe	scythe	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 sharpen	obj
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 turned	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	turn	past	the farmer	the grindstone					vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent grindstone=Theme
2	sharpen	to-infinitive	the farmer not said here	the scythe					vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent scythe=Patient

Example 2

Dad sharpened the knife on the grindstone.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 sharpened	nsubj
2	sharpened	sharpen	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 knife	det
4	knife	knife	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 sharpened	obj
5	on	on	ADP	_	7 grindstone	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 grindstone	det
7	grindstone	grindstone	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 sharpened	obl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 sharpened	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sharpen	past	Dad	the knife		the grindstone			vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent knife=Patient

Example 3

He had to keep his nose to the grindstone all week.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 had	nsubj
2	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	to	to	PART	_	4 keep	mark
4	keep	keep	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 had	xcomp
5	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 nose	nmod:poss
6	nose	nose	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 keep	obj
7	to	to	ADP	_	9 grindstone	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 grindstone	det
9	grindstone	grindstone	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 keep	obl
10	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	11 week	det
11	week	week	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 keep	obl:unmarked
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 had	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	past	He						tree rules
2	keep	to-infinitive	He not said here	his nose			week	to the grindstone	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nose=Theme

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/G/grindstone/