headwind Who acts: wind, you, business, We, plane, ground speed · What happens: blow, go, slow down, make, face, cycle · To what, where: way, you, progress, headwinds, strong headwind, 500 km/h
«headwind» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: headwind in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A wind blowing straight towards you, against the way you are going, which slows you down.
The tree, 16 words det nsubj acl advmod case obl punct case det conj nsubj aux acl:relcl punct nsubj obj compound:prt punct root A DET wind NOUN blowing VERB straight ADV towards ADP you PRON , PUNCT against ADP the DET way NOUN you PRON are AUX going VERB , PUNCT which PRON slows VERB you PRON down ADP . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 wind det 2 wind wind NOUN Number=Sing 16 slows nsubj 3 blowing blow VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 wind acl 4 straight straight ADV _ 3 blowing advmod 5 towards towards ADP _ 6 you case 6 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 blowing obl 7 , , PUNCT _ 10 way punct 8 against against ADP _ 10 way case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 way det 10 way way NOUN Number=Sing 2 wind conj 11 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 13 going nsubj 12 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 going aux 13 going go VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 10 way acl:relcl 14 , , PUNCT _ 16 slows punct 15 which which PRON PronType=Rel 16 slows nsubj 16 slows slow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 17 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 16 slows obj 18 down down ADP _ 16 slows compound:prt 19 . . PUNCT _ 16 slows punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 blow gerund a wind and the way not said here towards you; straight property vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent towards you=Recipient 2 go present · progressive you the way not said here vn meander-47.7 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location way=Theme 3 slow down present a wind and the way you vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent you=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: figurative — kept apart, not parsed.
Something that makes progress harder.
nsubj acl:relcl obj xcomp punct root Something PRON that PRON makes VERB progress NOUN harder ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind root root 2 that that PRON PronType=Rel 3 makes nsubj 3 makes make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 Something acl:relcl 4 progress progress NOUN Number=Sing 3 makes obj 5 harder hard ADJ Degree=Cmp 3 makes xcomp 6 . . PUNCT _ 1 Something punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make present progress hard property vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset progress=Product
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
The business faced headwinds.
det nsubj obj punct root The DET business NOUN faced VERB headwinds NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 business det 2 business business NOUN Number=Sing 3 faced nsubj 3 faced face VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 headwinds headwind NOUN Number=Plur 3 faced obj 5 . . PUNCT _ 3 faced punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 face past the business headwinds vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme headwind=Destination
Example 1 We cycled home into a strong headwind.
nsubj advmod case det amod obl punct root We PRON cycled VERB home ADV into ADP a DET strong ADJ headwind NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 cycled nsubj 2 cycled cycle VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 home home ADV _ 2 cycled advmod 4 into into ADP _ 7 headwind case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 headwind det 6 strong strong ADJ Degree=Pos 7 headwind amod 7 headwind headwind NOUN Number=Sing 2 cycled obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 cycled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cycle past We a strong headwind home property vn vehicle-51.4.1-1 «NP.theme V PP.location»: agent=Theme into headwind=Trajectory
Example 2 The plane was late because of a headwind.
det nsubj cop case fixed det obl punct root The DET plane NOUN was AUX late ADJ because ADP of ADP a DET headwind NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 plane det 2 plane plane NOUN Number=Sing 4 late nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 late cop 4 late late ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 because because ADP ExtPos=ADP 8 headwind case 6 of of ADP _ 5 because fixed 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 headwind det 8 headwind headwind NOUN Number=Sing 4 late obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 late punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the plane because a headwind; late property tree rules
Example 3 A plane flies at 500 km/h; with a 50 km/h headwind its ground speed is 450 km/h.
The tree, 17 words det nsubj case nummod obl punct case det nummod compound obl nmod:poss compound nsubj cop nummod acl:relcl punct root A DET plane NOUN flies VERB at ADP 500 NUM km/h NOUN ; PUNCT with ADP a DET 50 NUM km/h NOUN headwind NOUN its PRON ground NOUN speed NOUN is AUX 450 NUM km/h NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 plane det 2 plane plane NOUN Number=Sing 3 flies nsubj 3 flies fly VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 at at ADP _ 6 km/h case 5 500 500 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 6 km/h nummod 6 km/h km/h NOUN Number=Sing 3 flies obl 7 ; ; PUNCT _ 3 flies punct 8 with with ADP _ 12 headwind case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 headwind det 10 50 50 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 11 km/h nummod 11 km/h km/h NOUN Number=Sing 12 headwind compound 12 headwind headwind NOUN Number=Sing 3 flies obl 13 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 15 speed nmod:poss 14 ground ground NOUN Number=Sing 15 speed compound 15 speed speed NOUN Number=Sing 18 km/h nsubj 16 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 18 km/h cop 17 450 450 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 18 km/h nummod 18 km/h km/h NOUN Number=Sing 12 headwind acl:relcl 19 . . PUNCT _ 3 flies punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fly present a plane 500 km/h with a km/h headwind vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at km/h=Location 2 is a present plane's ground speed 450 km/h tree rules
Example 4 Runners hate a headwind in a race.
nsubj det obj case det obl punct root Runners NOUN hate VERB a DET headwind NOUN in ADP a DET race NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Runners runner NOUN Number=Plur 2 hate nsubj 2 hate hate VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 headwind det 4 headwind headwind NOUN Number=Sing 2 hate obj 5 in in ADP _ 7 race case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 race det 7 race race NOUN Number=Sing 2 hate obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 hate punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hate present Runners a headwind a race vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer headwind=Stimulus
Example 5 The boat struggled against the headwind.
det nsubj case det obl punct root The DET boat NOUN struggled VERB against ADP the DET headwind NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 boat det 2 boat boat NOUN Number=Sing 3 struggled nsubj 3 struggled struggle VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 against against ADP _ 6 headwind case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 headwind det 6 headwind headwind NOUN Number=Sing 3 struggled obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 struggled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 struggle past the boat against the headwind vn battle-36.4 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 6 The new shop faced headwinds when prices rose.
det amod nsubj obj advmod nsubj advcl punct root The DET new ADJ shop NOUN faced VERB headwinds NOUN when ADV prices NOUN rose VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 shop det 2 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 3 shop amod 3 shop shop NOUN Number=Sing 4 faced nsubj 4 faced face VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 headwinds headwind NOUN Number=Plur 4 faced obj 6 when when ADV PronType=Int 8 rose advmod 7 prices price NOUN Number=Plur 8 rose nsubj 8 rose rise VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 faced advcl 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 faced punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 face past the new shop headwinds vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme headwind=Destination 2 rise past prices vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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