headwinds Who acts: wind, you, problems, company, plane, cyclists · What happens: blow, move, slow down, slow, hurt, headwind · To what, where: you, growth, currency headwinds, headwinds, high prices, headwind · Speech: someone speaks here
«headwinds» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: headwinds in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Usage: literal — kept apart, not parsed.
wind blowing towards you as you move, which slows you down.
nsubj case obl mark nsubj advcl punct nsubj advcl obj compound:prt punct root wind NOUN blowing VERB towards ADP you PRON as SCONJ you PRON move VERB , PUNCT which PRON slows VERB you PRON down ADP . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 wind wind NOUN Number=Sing 2 blowing nsubj 2 blowing blow VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 3 towards towards ADP _ 4 you case 4 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 2 blowing obl 5 as as SCONJ _ 7 move mark 6 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 7 move nsubj 7 move move VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 blowing advcl 8 , , PUNCT _ 10 slows punct 9 which which PRON PronType=Rel 10 slows nsubj 10 slows slow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 move advcl 11 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 10 slows obj 12 down down ADP _ 10 slows compound:prt 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 blowing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 blow gerund wind towards you vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent towards you=Recipient 2 move present you vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme 3 slow down present you vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent you=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: euphemism, business and economics — kept apart, not parsed.
problems or difficulties that slow growth or hurt sales: «the company faced headwinds».
The tree, 13 words cc conj nsubj acl:relcl obj cc amod conj punct punct det nsubj amod appos punct punct root problems NOUN or CCONJ difficulties NOUN that PRON slow VERB growth NOUN or CCONJ hurt VERB sales NOUN : PUNCT « PUNCT the DET company NOUN faced ADJ headwinds NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 problems problem NOUN Number=Plur root root 2 or or CCONJ _ 3 difficulties cc 3 difficulties difficulty NOUN Number=Plur 1 problems conj 4 that that PRON PronType=Rel 5 slow nsubj 5 slow slow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 problems acl:relcl 6 growth growth NOUN Number=Sing 5 slow obj 7 or or CCONJ _ 9 sales cc 8 hurt hurt VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 9 sales amod 9 sales sale NOUN Number=Plur 6 growth conj 10 : : PUNCT _ 15 headwinds punct 11 « « PUNCT _ 15 headwinds punct 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 company det 13 company company NOUN Number=Sing 15 headwinds nsubj 14 faced faced ADJ Degree=Pos 15 headwinds amod 15 headwinds headwind NOUN Number=Plur 1 problems appos 16 » » PUNCT _ 15 headwinds punct 17 . . PUNCT _ 1 problems punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 slow present problems or difficulties growth or hurt sales vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent growth=Patient 2 hurt participle vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 3 headwind in a quote the company tree rules
Example 1 Our plane was late because of strong headwinds.
nmod:poss nsubj cop case fixed amod obl punct root Our PRON plane NOUN was AUX late ADJ because ADP of ADP strong ADJ headwinds NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 plane nmod:poss 2 plane plane NOUN Number=Sing 4 late nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 late cop 4 late late ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 because because ADP ExtPos=ADP 8 headwinds case 6 of of ADP _ 5 because fixed 7 strong strong ADJ Degree=Pos 8 headwinds amod 8 headwinds headwind NOUN Number=Plur 4 late obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 late punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past Our plane because strong headwinds; late property tree rules
Example 2 The cyclists struggled against the headwind.
det nsubj case det obl punct root The DET cyclists NOUN struggled VERB against ADP the DET headwind NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 cyclists det 2 cyclists cyclist NOUN Number=Plur 3 struggled nsubj 3 struggled struggle VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 against against ADP _ 6 headwind case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 headwind det 6 headwind headwind NOUN Number=Sing 3 struggled obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 struggled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 struggle past the cyclists against the headwind vn battle-36.4 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 3 The company blamed currency headwinds for weak results.
det nsubj compound obj case amod obl punct root The DET company NOUN blamed VERB currency NOUN headwinds NOUN for ADP weak ADJ results NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 company det 2 company company NOUN Number=Sing 3 blamed nsubj 3 blamed blame VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 currency currency NOUN Number=Sing 5 headwinds compound 5 headwinds headwind NOUN Number=Plur 3 blamed obj 6 for for ADP _ 8 results case 7 weak weak ADJ Degree=Pos 8 results amod 8 results result NOUN Number=Plur 3 blamed obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 blamed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 blame past the company currency headwinds for weak results vn judgment-33.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent headwind=Theme for result=Attribute
Example 4 The economy faces headwinds from high prices.
det nsubj obj case amod nmod punct root The DET economy NOUN faces VERB headwinds NOUN from ADP high ADJ prices NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 economy det 2 economy economy NOUN Number=Sing 3 faces nsubj 3 faces face VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 headwinds headwind NOUN Number=Plur 3 faces obj 5 from from ADP _ 7 prices case 6 high high ADJ Degree=Pos 7 prices amod 7 prices price NOUN Number=Plur 4 headwinds nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 faces punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 face present the economy headwinds high prices vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme headwind=Destination
Example 5 Running into a headwind makes the race harder.
csubj case det obl det obj xcomp punct root Running VERB into ADP a DET headwind NOUN makes VERB the DET race NOUN harder ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Running run VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 makes csubj 2 into into ADP _ 4 headwind case 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 headwind det 4 headwind headwind NOUN Number=Sing 1 Running obl 5 makes make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 race det 7 race race NOUN Number=Sing 5 makes obj 8 harder hard ADJ Degree=Cmp 5 makes xcomp 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 makes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 run gerund into a headwind result vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme into headwind=Result 2 make present Running the race hard property vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset race=Product
Example 6 "Headwinds" is the boss's way of saying sales are down.
punct nsubj punct cop det nmod:poss case mark acl nsubj cop ccomp punct root " PUNCT Headwinds NOUN " PUNCT is AUX the DET boss NOUN 's PART way NOUN of SCONJ saying VERB sales NOUN are AUX down ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 2 Headwinds punct 2 Headwinds headwind NOUN Number=Plur 8 way nsubj 3 " " PUNCT _ 2 Headwinds punct 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 way cop 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 boss det 6 boss boss NOUN Number=Sing 8 way nmod:poss 7 's 's PART _ 6 boss case 8 way way NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 of of SCONJ _ 10 saying mark 10 saying say VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 way acl 11 sales sale NOUN Number=Plur 13 down nsubj 12 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 down cop 13 down down ADV _ 10 saying ccomp 14 . . PUNCT _ 8 way punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Headwinds the boss's way tree rules 2 say speech: assert gerund the boss's way not said here vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 3 is present sales down property tree rules
Example 7 The opposite of a headwind is a tailwind, which helps you.
det nsubj case det nmod cop det punct nsubj acl:relcl obj punct root The DET opposite NOUN of ADP a DET headwind NOUN is AUX a DET tailwind NOUN , PUNCT which PRON helps VERB you PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 opposite det 2 opposite opposite NOUN Number=Sing 8 tailwind nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 5 headwind case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 headwind det 5 headwind headwind NOUN Number=Sing 2 opposite nmod 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 tailwind cop 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 tailwind det 8 tailwind tailwind NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 , , PUNCT _ 11 helps punct 10 which which PRON PronType=Rel 11 helps nsubj 11 helps help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 tailwind acl:relcl 12 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 11 helps obj 13 . . PUNCT _ 8 tailwind punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present the opposite of a headwind a tailwind tree rules 2 help present a tailwind you vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Beneficiary
Example 8 A plane flying into a 50 km/h headwind at 800 km/h moves over the ground at 750 km/h.
The tree, 18 words det nsubj acl case det nummod compound obl case obl nmod:unmarked case det obl case nummod obl punct root A DET plane NOUN flying VERB into ADP a DET 50 NUM km/h NOUN headwind NOUN at ADP 800 NUM km/h NOUN moves VERB over ADP the DET ground NOUN at ADP 750 NUM km/h NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 plane det 2 plane plane NOUN Number=Sing 12 moves nsubj 3 flying fly VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 plane acl 4 into into ADP _ 8 headwind case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 headwind det 6 50 50 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 7 km/h nummod 7 km/h km/h NOUN Number=Sing 8 headwind compound 8 headwind headwind NOUN Number=Sing 3 flying obl 9 at at ADP _ 10 800 case 10 800 800 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 3 flying obl 11 km/h km/h NOUN Number=Sing 10 800 nmod:unmarked 12 moves move VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 13 over over ADP _ 15 ground case 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 ground det 15 ground ground NOUN Number=Sing 12 moves obl 16 at at ADP _ 18 km/h case 17 750 750 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 18 km/h nummod 18 km/h km/h NOUN Number=Sing 12 moves obl 19 . . PUNCT _ 12 moves punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fly gerund a plane not said here a km/h headwind at 800 km/h vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at 800=Location 2 move present a plane the ground at 750 km/h vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V PP.source PP.trajectory PP.destination»: agent=Theme over ground=Source at km/h=Trajectory
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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