hum

Who acts: traffic, classroom, She, Bees, I, fridge · What happens: sing, close, make, hum, be, paint · To what, where: tune, lips, long mmm sound, low steady buzzing sound, happy song, flower · Speech: someone speaks here

«hum» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: hum in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

To sing a tune with your lips closed, making a long «mmm» sound.

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 sing	mark
2	sing	sing	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 tune	det
4	tune	tune	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 sing	obj
5	with	with	ADP	_	7 lips	case
6	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	7 lips	nmod:poss
7	lips	lip	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 tune	nmod
8	closed	close	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 lips	acl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 making	punct
10	making	make	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 sing	advcl
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 sound	det
12	long	long	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 sound	amod
13	«	«	PUNCT	_	14 mmm	punct
14	mmm	mmm	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 sound	compound
15	»	»	PUNCT	_	14 mmm	punct
16	sound	sound	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 making	obj
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 sing	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	sing speech: express	to-infinitive	a tune	with your lips	vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location tune=Theme
2	close	participle	your lips not said here		vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
3	make	gerund	a long mmm sound		vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sound=Product

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

To make a low, steady buzzing sound, like bees or a fridge.

The tree, 12 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 make	mark
2	make	make	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 sound	det
4	low	low	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 sound	amod
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 low	punct
6	steady	steady	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 sound	amod
7	buzzing	buzzing	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 sound	compound
8	sound	sound	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 make	obj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 bees	punct
10	like	like	ADP	_	11 bees	case
11	bees	bee	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 sound	parataxis
12	or	or	CCONJ	_	14 fridge	cc
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 fridge	det
14	fridge	fridge	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 sound	conj
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 make	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	to-infinitive		a low steady buzzing sound or a fridge					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sound=Product

Meaning 3

Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.

A low, continuous sound: «the hum of traffic».

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 sound	det
2	low	low	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 sound	amod
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 low	punct
4	continuous	continuous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 sound	amod
5	sound	sound	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	:	:	PUNCT	_	9 hum	punct
7	«	«	PUNCT	_	9 hum	punct
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 hum	det
9	hum	hum	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 sound	appos
10	of	of	ADP	_	11 traffic	case
11	traffic	traffic	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 hum	nmod
12	»	»	PUNCT	_	9 hum	punct
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 sound	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hum in a quote		traffic						nom hum «state intransitive»: of=agent

Meaning 4

To be busy and lively: «The classroom was humming with activity».

The tree, 11 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	3 busy	mark
2	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	3 busy	cop
3	busy	busy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	5 lively	cc
5	lively	lively	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 busy	conj
6	:	:	PUNCT	_	11 humming	punct
7	«	«	PUNCT	_	11 humming	punct
8	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 classroom	det
9	classroom	classroom	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 humming	nsubj
10	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	11 humming	aux
11	humming	hum	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 busy	parataxis
12	with	with	ADP	_	13 activity	case
13	activity	activity	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 humming	obl
14	»	»	PUNCT	_	11 humming	punct
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 busy	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	is	to-infinitive		busy property	tree rules
2	be				tree rules
3	hum in a quote	past · progressive	the classroom	with activity	vn bulge-47.5.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Location with activity=Theme

Example 1

She hummed a happy song while she painted.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	She	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 hummed	nsubj
2	hummed	hum	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 song	det
4	happy	happy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 song	amod
5	song	song	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 hummed	obj
6	while	while	SCONJ	_	8 painted	mark
7	she	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 painted	nsubj
8	painted	paint	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 hummed	advcl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 hummed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hum	past	She	a happy song					vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent song=Topic
2	paint	past	she						vn image_impression-25.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Example 2

Bees hum as they fly from flower to flower.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bees	bee	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 hum	nsubj
2	hum	hum	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	as	as	SCONJ	_	5 fly	mark
4	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 fly	nsubj
5	fly	fly	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 hum	advcl
6	from	from	ADP	_	7 flower	case
7	flower	flower	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 fly	obl
8	to	to	ADP	_	9 flower	case
9	flower	flower	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 fly	obl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 hum	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hum	present	Bees						vn bulge-47.5.3 «NP V»: agent=Location
2	fly	present	Bees = bee			flower		to flower	vn drive-11.5-1 «NP V NP PP.initial_location PP.destination»: agent=Agent from flower=Initial_Location to flower=Destination

Example 3

I could hear the hum of the fridge in the quiet kitchen.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	3 hear	nsubj
2	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 hear	aux
3	hear	hear	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 hum	det
5	hum	hum	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 hear	obj
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 fridge	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 fridge	det
8	fridge	fridge	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 hum	nmod
9	in	in	ADP	_	12 kitchen	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 kitchen	det
11	quiet	quiet	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 kitchen	amod
12	kitchen	kitchen	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 hear	obl
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 hear	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hear	could	I	the hum of the fridge		the quiet kitchen			vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer hum=Stimulus
2	hum		the fridge						nom hum «state intransitive»: of=agent

Example 4

Hum the tune if you forget the words.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Hum	hum	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 tune	det
3	tune	tune	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Hum	obj
4	if	if	SCONJ	_	6 forget	mark
5	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	6 forget	nsubj
6	forget	forget	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 Hum	advcl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 words	det
8	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 forget	obj
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Hum	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hum	imperative	you not said here	the tune					vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tune=Topic
2	forget a condition, not said to happen	present	you	the words					tree rules

Example 5

The computer makes a soft hum.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 computer	det
2	computer	computer	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 makes	nsubj
3	makes	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 hum	det
5	soft	soft	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 hum	amod
6	hum	hum	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 makes	obj
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 makes	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present	the computer	a soft hum					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset hum=Product

Example 6

The market was humming with people.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 market	det
2	market	market	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 humming	nsubj
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 humming	aux
4	humming	hum	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
5	with	with	ADP	_	6 people	case
6	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 humming	obl
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 humming	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hum	past · progressive	the market					with people	vn bulge-47.5.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Location with people=Theme

Example 7

The hummingbird got its name from the hum of its wings.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 hummingbird	det
2	hummingbird	hummingbird	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 got	nsubj
3	got	get	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 name	nmod:poss
5	name	name	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 got	obj
6	from	from	ADP	_	8 hum	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 hum	det
8	hum	hum	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 got	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 wings	case
10	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	11 wings	nmod:poss
11	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 hum	nmod
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 got	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	get	past	the hummingbird	hummingbird's name	the hum of hummingbird's wings	vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent name=Theme from hum=Source
2	name		hummingbird			nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent
3	hum		hummingbird's wings			nom hum «state intransitive»: of=agent

Example 8

The noisy hum of voices was hushed.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 hum	det
2	noisy	noisy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 hum	amod
3	hum	hum	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 hushed	nsubj:pass
4	of	of	ADP	_	5 voices	case
5	voices	voice	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 hum	nmod
6	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 hushed	aux:pass
7	hushed	hush	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 hushed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hush	past · passive		the noisy hum of voices					vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient
2	hum		voices						nom hum «state intransitive»: of=agent

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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