humbug Who acts: words, person, they, Humbug, I, Grandad · What happens: mean, fool, sound, be, pretend, not believe · To what, where: trick, people, Rubbish, paper bag, sweet shop, Scrooge · Speech: someone speaks here
«humbug» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: humbug in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Usage: UK — kept apart, not parsed.
A hard, striped peppermint sweet, often black and white.
det amod punct amod compound punct advmod amod cc conj punct root A DET hard ADJ , PUNCT striped ADJ peppermint NOUN sweet NOUN , PUNCT often ADV black ADJ and CCONJ white ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 sweet det 2 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 6 sweet amod 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 hard punct 4 striped striped ADJ Degree=Pos 6 sweet amod 5 peppermint peppermint NOUN Number=Sing 6 sweet compound 6 sweet sweet NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 , , PUNCT _ 9 black punct 8 often often ADV _ 9 black advmod 9 black black ADJ Degree=Pos 6 sweet amod 10 and and CCONJ _ 11 white cc 11 white white ADJ Degree=Pos 9 black conj 12 . . PUNCT _ 6 sweet punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Meaning 2 Nonsense or a trick meant to fool people: words that sound important but are false.
The tree, 15 words nsubj cc det conj acl mark xcomp obj punct nsubj acl:relcl xcomp cc cop conj punct root Nonsense NOUN or CCONJ a DET trick NOUN meant VERB to PART fool VERB people NOUN : PUNCT words NOUN that PRON sound VERB important ADJ but CCONJ are AUX false ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Nonsense nonsense NOUN Number=Sing 10 words nsubj 2 or or CCONJ _ 4 trick cc 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 trick det 4 trick trick NOUN Number=Sing 1 Nonsense conj 5 meant mean VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 trick acl 6 to to PART _ 7 fool mark 7 fool fool VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 meant xcomp 8 people people NOUN Number=Plur 7 fool obj 9 : : PUNCT _ 10 words punct 10 words word NOUN Number=Plur root root 11 that that PRON PronType=Rel 12 sound nsubj 12 sound sound VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 words acl:relcl 13 important important ADJ Degree=Pos 12 sound xcomp 14 but but CCONJ _ 16 false cc 15 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 false cop 16 false false ADJ Degree=Pos 12 sound conj 17 . . PUNCT _ 10 words punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean participle a trick not said here vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 fool not said to happen to-infinitive people vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Patient 3 sound present words important property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus 4 is present words not said here false property tree rules
Meaning 3 A person who pretends to be better, kinder or cleverer than they really are.
The tree, 14 words det nsubj acl:relcl mark cop xcomp punct conj cc conj mark nsubj advmod advcl punct root A DET person NOUN who PRON pretends VERB to PART be AUX better ADJ , PUNCT kinder ADJ or CCONJ cleverer ADJ than SCONJ they PRON really ADV are VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 person det 2 person person NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 who who PRON PronType=Rel 4 pretends nsubj 4 pretends pretend VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 person acl:relcl 5 to to PART _ 7 better mark 6 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 7 better cop 7 better good ADJ Degree=Cmp 4 pretends xcomp 8 , , PUNCT _ 9 kinder punct 9 kinder kind ADJ Degree=Cmp 7 better conj 10 or or CCONJ _ 11 cleverer cc 11 cleverer clever ADJ Degree=Cmp 7 better conj 12 than than SCONJ _ 15 are mark 13 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 15 are nsubj 14 really really ADV _ 15 are advmod 15 are be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 cleverer advcl 16 . . PUNCT _ 2 person punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 pretend present a person tree rules 2 is to-infinitive a person not said here good property tree rules 3 be a person not said here tree rules 4 be a person not said here tree rules 5 does present they vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Meaning 4 As a cry, «Humbug!» means «Rubbish! I don't believe it!» (old-fashioned).
Sentence 1: As a cry, «Humbug!» means «Rubbish!
case det obl punct punct nsubj punct punct punct obj punct root As ADP a DET cry NOUN , PUNCT « PUNCT Humbug NOUN ! PUNCT » PUNCT means VERB « PUNCT Rubbish NOUN ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 As as ADP _ 3 cry case 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 cry det 3 cry cry NOUN Number=Sing 9 means obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 cry punct 5 « « PUNCT _ 6 Humbug punct 6 Humbug humbug NOUN Number=Sing 9 means nsubj 7 ! ! PUNCT _ 6 Humbug punct 8 » » PUNCT _ 6 Humbug punct 9 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 10 « « PUNCT _ 11 Rubbish punct 11 Rubbish rubbish NOUN Number=Sing 9 means obj 12 ! ! PUNCT _ 9 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Humbug Rubbish as a cry vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent rubbish=Topic as cry=Attribute
Sentence 2: I don't believe it!»
nsubj aux advmod obj punct punct root I PRON do AUX n't PART believe VERB it PRON ! PUNCT » PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 believe nsubj 2 do do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 believe aux 3 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 4 believe advmod 4 believe believe VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 believe obj 6 ! ! PUNCT _ 4 believe punct 7 » » PUNCT _ 4 believe punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not believe present · do-support I Rubbish vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus
Sentence 3: (old-fashioned).
punct amod punct punct punct root ( PUNCT old ADJ - PUNCT fashioned ADJ ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ( ( PUNCT _ 4 fashioned punct 2 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 4 fashioned amod 3 - - PUNCT _ 2 old punct 4 fashioned fashioned ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 ) ) PUNCT _ 4 fashioned punct 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 fashioned punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 1 Grandad bought a paper bag of mint humbugs at the sweet shop.
nsubj det compound obj case compound nmod case det amod obl punct root Grandad PROPN bought VERB a DET paper NOUN bag NOUN of ADP mint NOUN humbugs NOUN at ADP the DET sweet ADJ shop NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Grandad Grandad PROPN Number=Sing 2 bought nsubj 2 bought buy VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 bag det 4 paper paper NOUN Number=Sing 5 bag compound 5 bag bag NOUN Number=Sing 2 bought obj 6 of of ADP _ 8 humbugs case 7 mint mint NOUN Number=Sing 8 humbugs compound 8 humbugs humbug NOUN Number=Plur 5 bag nmod 9 at at ADP _ 12 shop case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 shop det 11 sweet sweet ADJ Degree=Pos 12 shop amod 12 shop shop NOUN Number=Sing 2 bought obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 bought punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 buy past Grandad a paper bag of mint humbugs the sweet shop vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.source NP.asset»: agent=Agent bag=Theme at shop=Asset
Example 2 «Bah! Humbug!» growled Scrooge when his nephew wished him a merry Christmas.
Sentence 1: «Bah!
punct punct root « PUNCT Bah INTJ ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Bah punct 2 Bah bah INTJ _ root root 3 ! ! PUNCT _ 2 Bah punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Sentence 2: Humbug!» growled Scrooge when his nephew wished him a merry Christmas.
nsubj punct punct obj advmod nmod:poss nsubj advcl obj det amod obj punct root Humbug NOUN ! PUNCT » PUNCT growled VERB Scrooge PROPN when ADV his PRON nephew NOUN wished VERB him PRON a DET merry ADJ Christmas PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Humbug humbug NOUN Number=Sing 4 growled nsubj 2 ! ! PUNCT _ 1 Humbug punct 3 » » PUNCT _ 1 Humbug punct 4 growled growl VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 Scrooge Scrooge PROPN Number=Sing 4 growled obj 6 when when ADV PronType=Int 9 wished advmod 7 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 nephew nmod:poss 8 nephew nephew NOUN Number=Sing 9 wished nsubj 9 wished wish VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 growled advcl 10 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 wished obj 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 Christmas det 12 merry merry ADJ Degree=Pos 13 Christmas amod 13 Christmas Christmas PROPN Number=Sing 9 wished obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 4 growled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 growl in a quote past Humbug Scrooge vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent scrooge=Topic 2 wish in a quote past Humbug's nephew Humbug tree rules
Example 3 The magic cure the man sold at the fair was pure humbug.
det amod nsubj det nsubj case det nsubj cop amod obl punct root The DET magic ADJ cure NOUN the DET man NOUN sold VERB at ADP the DET fair NOUN was AUX pure ADJ humbug NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 cure det 2 magic magic ADJ Degree=Pos 3 cure amod 3 cure cure NOUN Number=Sing 6 sold nsubj 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 man det 5 man man NOUN Number=Sing 6 sold nsubj 6 sold sell VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 at at ADP _ 12 humbug case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 fair det 9 fair fair NOUN Number=Sing 12 humbug nsubj 10 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 12 humbug cop 11 pure pure ADJ Degree=Pos 12 humbug amod 12 humbug humbug NOUN Number=Sing 6 sold obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 sold punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sell past the magic cure vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent 2 is past the fair pure humbug tree rules
Example 4 Don't be such a humbug about the party, Dad!
advmod cop det:predet det obl case det nmod punct conj punct root Do VERB n't PART be AUX such DET a DET humbug NOUN about ADP the DET party NOUN , PUNCT Dad NOUN ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Do do VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 6 humbug advmod 3 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 6 humbug cop 4 such such DET PronType=Ind 6 humbug det:predet 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 humbug det 6 humbug humbug NOUN Number=Sing 1 Do obl 7 about about ADP _ 9 party case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 party det 9 party party NOUN Number=Sing 6 humbug nmod 10 , , PUNCT _ 11 Dad punct 11 Dad dad NOUN Number=Sing 9 party conj 12 ! ! PUNCT _ 1 Do punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 do imperative you not said here vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 not is a infinitive such humbug about the party and Dad tree rules
Example 5 The humbug stuck to my teeth for ages.
det acl case nmod:poss obl case obl punct root The DET humbug NOUN stuck VERB to ADP my PRON teeth NOUN for ADP ages NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 humbug det 2 humbug humbug NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 stuck stick VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 humbug acl 4 to to ADP _ 6 teeth case 5 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 teeth nmod:poss 6 teeth tooth NOUN Number=Plur 3 stuck obl 7 for for ADP _ 8 ages case 8 ages age NOUN Number=Plur 3 stuck obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 humbug punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 stick participle the humbug not said here for ages to my teeth vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent to tooth=Co-Patient
Example 6 He pretended to be a great explorer, but he was a humbug who had never left town.
The tree, 17 words nsubj mark cop det amod ccomp punct cc nsubj cop det obl nsubj:pass aux advmod acl:relcl obj punct root He PRON pretended VERB to PART be AUX a DET great ADJ explorer NOUN , PUNCT but CCONJ he PRON was AUX a DET humbug NOUN who PRON had AUX never ADV left VERB town NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 pretended nsubj 2 pretended pretend VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 to to PART _ 7 explorer mark 4 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 7 explorer cop 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 explorer det 6 great great ADJ Degree=Pos 7 explorer amod 7 explorer explorer NOUN Number=Sing 2 pretended ccomp 8 , , PUNCT _ 13 humbug punct 9 but but CCONJ _ 13 humbug cc 10 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 13 humbug nsubj 11 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 13 humbug cop 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 humbug det 13 humbug humbug NOUN Number=Sing 2 pretended obl 14 who who PRON PronType=Rel 17 left nsubj:pass 15 had have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 17 left aux 16 never never ADV PronType=Neg 17 left advmod 17 left leave VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 13 humbug acl:relcl 18 town town NOUN Number=Sing 17 left obj 19 . . PUNCT _ 2 pretended punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 pretend past He tree rules 2 is a to-infinitive He not said here a great explorer tree rules 3 is a past he a humbug tree rules 4 not leave past · perfect · passive a humbug vn sustain-55.6-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Theme town=Attribute
Example 7 My brother says «bah humbug» every time we put up the Christmas tree.
The tree, 13 words nmod:poss nsubj punct compound obj punct det obl:unmarked nsubj acl:relcl compound:prt det compound obj punct root My PRON brother NOUN says VERB « PUNCT bah NOUN humbug NOUN » PUNCT every DET time NOUN we PRON put VERB up ADP the DET Christmas PROPN tree NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 brother nmod:poss 2 brother brother NOUN Number=Sing 3 says nsubj 3 says say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 « « PUNCT _ 6 humbug punct 5 bah bah NOUN Number=Sing 6 humbug compound 6 humbug humbug NOUN Number=Sing 3 says obj 7 » » PUNCT _ 6 humbug punct 8 every every DET PronType=Tot 9 time det 9 time time NOUN Number=Sing 3 says obl:unmarked 10 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 11 put nsubj 11 put put VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 time acl:relcl 12 up up ADP _ 11 put compound:prt 13 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 tree det 14 Christmas Christmas PROPN Number=Sing 15 tree compound 15 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 11 put obj 16 . . PUNCT _ 3 says punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert present My brother bah humbug time vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent humbug=Topic 2 put up past we the Christmas tree vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent tree=Goal
Example 8 “Doesn’t anyone else know you’re a humbug?” asked Dorothy.
The tree, 11 words punct aux advmod nsubj advmod ccomp nsubj xcomp det obj punct punct iobj punct root “ PUNCT Does AUX n’t PART anyone PRON else ADV know VERB you PRON ’re VERB a DET humbug NOUN ? PUNCT ” PUNCT asked VERB Dorothy PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 “ " PUNCT _ 6 know punct 2 Does do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 know aux 3 n’t not PART Polarity=Neg 6 know advmod 4 anyone anyone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 6 know nsubj 5 else else ADV _ 4 anyone advmod 6 know know VERB VerbForm=Inf 13 asked ccomp 7 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 8 ’re nsubj 8 ’re 're VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 know xcomp 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 humbug det 10 humbug humbug NOUN Number=Sing 8 ’re obj 11 ? ? PUNCT _ 6 know punct 12 ” " PUNCT _ 6 know punct 13 asked ask VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 14 Dorothy Dorothy PROPN Number=Sing 13 asked iobj 15 . . PUNCT _ 13 asked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not know in a quote present · do-support anyone vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus 2 're in a quote infinitive Dorothy a humbug tree rules 3 ask speech: ask past Dorothy vn urge-58.1-1-1 «NP V NP that S»: agent=Agent dorothy=Recipient clause=Topic
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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