hurdles Who acts: Hurdles, runners, 100 metres, hurdle, problem, She · What happens: be, jump, hurdle, get past, use, run · To what, where: race, one, last hurdle, movable fence panel, something, hurdles
«hurdles» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: hurdles in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Usage: sport — kept apart, not parsed.
Hurdles are a race in which runners jump over a row of light frames: the 100 metres hurdles.
The tree, 18 words nsubj cop det case obl nsubj acl:relcl case det obl case compound nmod punct det nummod nsubj parataxis punct root Hurdles NOUN are AUX a DET race NOUN in ADP which PRON runners NOUN jump VERB over ADP a DET row NOUN of ADP light NOUN frames NOUN : PUNCT the DET 100 NUM metres NOUN hurdles VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Hurdles hurdle NOUN Number=Plur 4 race nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 race cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 race det 4 race race NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 in in ADP _ 6 which case 6 which which PRON PronType=Rel 8 jump obl 7 runners runner NOUN Number=Plur 8 jump nsubj 8 jump jump VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 race acl:relcl 9 over over ADP _ 11 row case 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 row det 11 row row NOUN Number=Sing 8 jump obl 12 of of ADP _ 14 frames case 13 light light NOUN Number=Sing 14 frames compound 14 frames frame NOUN Number=Plur 11 row nmod 15 : : PUNCT _ 19 hurdles punct 16 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 18 metres det 17 100 100 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 18 metres nummod 18 metres metre NOUN Number=Plur 19 hurdles nsubj 19 hurdles hurdle VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 race parataxis 20 . . PUNCT _ 4 race punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Hurdles a race tree rules 2 jump present runners a race over a row of light frames vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in which=Trajectory 3 hurdle present the 100 metres tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A hurdle is one of those frames.
det nsubj cop case det nmod punct root A DET hurdle NOUN is AUX one NUM of ADP those DET frames NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 hurdle det 2 hurdle hurdle NOUN Number=Sing 4 one nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 one cop 4 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card root root 5 of of ADP _ 7 frames case 6 those that DET Number=Plur PronType=Dem 7 frames det 7 frames frame NOUN Number=Plur 4 one nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 one punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a hurdle one of that frames tree rules
Meaning 3 A problem or difficulty you must get past: the last hurdle before the holidays.
The tree, 14 words det nsubj cc conj nsubj aux advmod punct det amod obl case det obl punct root A DET problem NOUN or CCONJ difficulty NOUN you PRON must AUX get VERB past ADV : PUNCT the DET last ADJ hurdle NOUN before ADP the DET holidays NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 problem det 2 problem problem NOUN Number=Sing 7 get nsubj 3 or or CCONJ _ 4 difficulty cc 4 difficulty difficulty NOUN Number=Sing 2 problem conj 5 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 7 get nsubj 6 must must AUX VerbForm=Fin 7 get aux 7 get get VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 8 past past ADV _ 7 get advmod 9 : : PUNCT _ 12 hurdle punct 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 hurdle det 11 last last ADJ Degree=Pos 12 hurdle amod 12 hurdle hurdle NOUN Number=Sing 7 get obl 13 before before ADP _ 15 holidays case 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 holidays det 15 holidays holiday NOUN Number=Plur 7 get obl 16 . . PUNCT _ 7 get punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 get past must a problem or difficulty the last hurdle before the holidays past property vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer
Meaning 4 Usage: old, farming — kept apart, not parsed.
A movable fence panel of woven sticks, used to pen sheep.
det amod compound case nmod:poss nmod punct acl mark compound obl:agent punct root A DET movable ADJ fence NOUN panel NOUN of ADP woven PRON sticks NOUN , PUNCT used VERB to PART pen NOUN sheep NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 panel det 2 movable movable ADJ Degree=Pos 4 panel amod 3 fence fence NOUN Number=Sing 4 panel compound 4 panel panel NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 of of ADP _ 7 sticks case 6 woven woven PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 sticks nmod:poss 7 sticks stick NOUN Number=Plur 4 panel nmod 8 , , PUNCT _ 9 used punct 9 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 panel acl 10 to to PART _ 12 sheep mark 11 pen pen NOUN Number=Sing 12 sheep compound 12 sheep sheep NOUN Number=Plur 9 used obl:agent 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 panel punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use participle a movable fence panel of woven's sticks not said here vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Meaning 5 Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.
to jump over something while running.
mark case obl mark advcl punct root to PART jump VERB over ADP something PRON while SCONJ running VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 to to PART _ 2 jump mark 2 jump jump VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 over over ADP _ 4 something case 4 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 jump obl 5 while while SCONJ _ 6 running mark 6 running run VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 jump advcl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 jump punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 jump to-infinitive something vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over something=Trajectory 2 run gerund vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 1 She won the girls' hurdles on sports day.
nsubj det nmod:poss case obj case compound obl punct root She PRON won VERB the DET girls NOUN ' PART hurdles NOUN on ADP sports NOUN day NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 won nsubj 2 won win VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 girls det 4 girls girl NOUN Number=Plur 6 hurdles nmod:poss 5 ' 's PART _ 4 girls case 6 hurdles hurdle NOUN Number=Plur 2 won obj 7 on on ADP _ 9 day case 8 sports sport NOUN Number=Plur 9 day compound 9 day day NOUN Number=Sing 2 won obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 won punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 win past She the girls's hurdles day vn succeed-74-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hurdle=Eventuality
Example 2 He knocked over the last hurdle.
nsubj compound:prt det amod obj punct root He PRON knocked VERB over ADP the DET last ADJ hurdle NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 knocked nsubj 2 knocked knock VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 over over ADP _ 2 knocked compound:prt 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 hurdle det 5 last last ADJ Degree=Pos 6 hurdle amod 6 hurdle hurdle NOUN Number=Sing 2 knocked obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 knocked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 knock over past He the last hurdle vn split-23.2 «NP V NP apart»: agent=Agent hurdle=Patient
Example 3 Learning to read was a big hurdle for him.
csubj mark xcomp cop det amod case nmod punct root Learning VERB to PART read VERB was AUX a DET big ADJ hurdle NOUN for ADP him PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Learning learn VERB VerbForm=Ger 7 hurdle csubj 2 to to PART _ 3 read mark 3 read read VERB VerbForm=Inf 1 Learning xcomp 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 hurdle cop 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 hurdle det 6 big big ADJ Degree=Pos 7 hurdle amod 7 hurdle hurdle NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 for for ADP _ 9 him case 9 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 hurdle nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 7 hurdle punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn gerund vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 read to-infinitive vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 is a past Learning a big hurdle for him = he tree rules
Example 4 We cleared the first hurdle and got the money for the trip.
nsubj det amod obj cc conj det obj case det obl punct root We PRON cleared VERB the DET first ADJ hurdle NOUN and CCONJ got VERB the DET money NOUN for ADP the DET trip NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 cleared nsubj 2 cleared clear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 hurdle det 4 first first ADJ Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 5 hurdle amod 5 hurdle hurdle NOUN Number=Sing 2 cleared obj 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 got cc 7 got get VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 cleared conj 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 money det 9 money money NOUN Number=Sing 7 got obj 10 for for ADP _ 12 trip case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 trip det 12 trip trip NOUN Number=Sing 7 got obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 cleared punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 clear past We the first hurdle vn clear-10.3-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent hurdle=Source 2 get past We not said here the money for the trip vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent money=Theme for trip=Source
Example 5 The farmer moved the hurdles to make a new sheep pen.
det nsubj det obj mark advcl det amod compound obj punct root The DET farmer NOUN moved VERB the DET hurdles NOUN to PART make VERB a DET new ADJ sheep NOUN pen NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 farmer det 2 farmer farmer NOUN Number=Sing 3 moved nsubj 3 moved move VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 hurdles det 5 hurdles hurdle NOUN Number=Plur 3 moved obj 6 to to PART _ 7 make mark 7 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 moved advcl 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 pen det 9 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 11 pen amod 10 sheep sheep NOUN Number=Sing 11 pen compound 11 pen pen NOUN Number=Sing 7 make obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 moved punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 move past the farmer the hurdles vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent hurdle=Theme 2 make to-infinitive the farmer not said here a new sheep pen vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset pen=Product
Example 6 The horse jumped the hurdles easily.
det nsubj det obj advmod punct root The DET horse NOUN jumped VERB the DET hurdles NOUN easily ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 horse det 2 horse horse NOUN Number=Sing 3 jumped nsubj 3 jumped jump VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 hurdles det 5 hurdles hurdle NOUN Number=Plur 3 jumped obj 6 easily easily ADV _ 3 jumped advmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 jumped punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 jump past the horse the hurdles easily property vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme hurdle=Trajectory
Example 7 Our class practised hurdles in PE.
nmod:poss nsubj obj case obl punct root Our PRON class NOUN practised VERB hurdles NOUN in ADP PE PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 class nmod:poss 2 class class NOUN Number=Sing 3 practised nsubj 3 practised practise VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 hurdles hurdle NOUN Number=Plur 3 practised obj 5 in in ADP _ 6 PE case 6 PE PE PROPN Number=Sing 3 practised obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 practised punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 practise past Our class hurdles PE tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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