icing Who acts: Icing, that, cupcake, She, cake, We · What happens: be, make, cover, call, form, mean · To what, where: sweet topping, cakes, Icing, USA, something, good thing · Speech: someone speaks here
«icing» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: icing in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Icing is a sweet topping made of sugar, often with butter or water, that covers cakes and biscuits. In the USA it is often called frosting.
Sentence 1: Icing is a sweet topping made of sugar, often with butter or water, that covers cakes and biscuits.
The tree, 18 words nsubj cop det amod acl case obl punct advmod case conj cc conj punct nsubj parataxis obj cc conj punct root Icing NOUN is AUX a DET sweet ADJ topping NOUN made VERB of ADP sugar NOUN , PUNCT often ADV with ADP butter NOUN or CCONJ water NOUN , PUNCT that PRON covers VERB cakes NOUN and CCONJ biscuits NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Icing icing NOUN Number=Sing 5 topping nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 topping cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 topping det 4 sweet sweet ADJ Degree=Pos 5 topping amod 5 topping topping NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 topping acl 7 of of ADP _ 8 sugar case 8 sugar sugar NOUN Number=Sing 6 made obl 9 , , PUNCT _ 12 butter punct 10 often often ADV _ 12 butter advmod 11 with with ADP _ 12 butter case 12 butter butter NOUN Number=Sing 5 topping conj 13 or or CCONJ _ 14 water cc 14 water water NOUN Number=Sing 12 butter conj 15 , , PUNCT _ 17 covers punct 16 that that PRON PronType=Rel 17 covers nsubj 17 covers cover VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 topping parataxis 18 cakes cake NOUN Number=Plur 17 covers obj 19 and and CCONJ _ 20 biscuits cc 20 biscuits biscuit NOUN Number=Plur 18 cakes conj 21 . . PUNCT _ 5 topping punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Icing a sweet topping and butter or water tree rules 2 make participle a sweet topping and butter or water not said here of sugar vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset 3 cover present that cakes and biscuits vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme cake=Destination
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: In the USA it is often called frosting.
case det obl nsubj:pass aux:pass advmod xcomp punct root In ADP the DET USA PROPN it PRON is AUX often ADV called VERB frosting NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 USA case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 USA det 3 USA USA PROPN Number=Sing 7 called obl 4 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 called nsubj:pass 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 called aux:pass 6 often often ADV _ 7 called advmod 7 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 8 frosting frosting NOUN Number=Sing 7 called xcomp 9 . . PUNCT _ 7 called punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call present · passive Icing the USA often property vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient
Meaning 2 Icing is also ice forming on something, like the wings of a plane.
The tree, 13 words nsubj aux advmod nsubj case obl punct case det obl case det nmod punct root Icing NOUN is AUX also ADV ice NOUN forming VERB on ADP something PRON , PUNCT like ADP the DET wings NOUN of ADP a DET plane NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Icing icing NOUN Number=Sing 5 forming nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 forming aux 3 also also ADV _ 5 forming advmod 4 ice ice NOUN Number=Sing 5 forming nsubj 5 forming form VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 6 on on ADP _ 7 something case 7 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 5 forming obl 8 , , PUNCT _ 11 wings punct 9 like like ADP _ 11 wings case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 wings det 11 wings wing NOUN Number=Plur 5 forming obl 12 of of ADP _ 14 plane case 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 plane det 14 plane plane NOUN Number=Sing 11 wings nmod 15 . . PUNCT _ 5 forming punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 form present · progressive Icing something like the wings of a plane vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on something=Location
Meaning 3 «The icing on the cake» means something extra that makes a good thing even better.
The tree, 15 words punct det nsubj case det nmod punct obj amod nsubj acl:relcl det amod obj advmod xcomp punct root « PUNCT The DET icing NOUN on ADP the DET cake NOUN » PUNCT means VERB something PRON extra ADJ that PRON makes VERB a DET good ADJ thing NOUN even ADV better ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 3 icing punct 2 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 icing det 3 icing icing NOUN Number=Sing 8 means nsubj 4 on on ADP _ 6 cake case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 cake det 6 cake cake NOUN Number=Sing 3 icing nmod 7 » » PUNCT _ 3 icing punct 8 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 9 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 8 means obj 10 extra extra ADJ Degree=Pos 9 something amod 11 that that PRON PronType=Rel 12 makes nsubj 12 makes make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 something acl:relcl 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 thing det 14 good good ADJ Degree=Pos 15 thing amod 15 thing thing NOUN Number=Sing 12 makes obj 16 even even ADV _ 17 better advmod 17 better well ADV Degree=Cmp 12 makes xcomp 18 . . PUNCT _ 8 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present the icing on the cake something vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Topic 2 make present a good thing vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset thing=Product
Example 1 Each cupcake needs 20 g of icing.
det nsubj nummod obj case nmod punct root Each DET cupcake NOUN needs VERB 20 NUM g NOUN of ADP icing NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Each each DET PronType=Tot 2 cupcake det 2 cupcake cupcake NOUN Number=Sing 3 needs nsubj 3 needs need VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 20 20 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 g nummod 5 g G NOUN Number=Sing 3 needs obj 6 of of ADP _ 7 icing case 7 icing icing NOUN Number=Sing 5 g nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 needs punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 need present each cupcake 20 g of icing vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot g=Theme
Example 2 She put icing on 12 of the 30 biscuits.
nsubj xcomp case obl case det nummod nmod punct root She PRON put VERB icing VERB on ADP 12 NUM of ADP the DET 30 NUM biscuits NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 put nsubj 2 put put VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 icing ice VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 put xcomp 4 on on ADP _ 5 12 case 5 12 12 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 3 icing obl 6 of of ADP _ 9 biscuits case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 biscuits det 8 30 30 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 9 biscuits nummod 9 biscuits biscuit NOUN Number=Plur 5 12 nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 put punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 put past She tree rules 2 ice gerund She not said here 12 of the 30 biscuits vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent
Example 3 The cake has pink icing.
det nsubj amod obj punct root The DET cake NOUN has VERB pink ADJ icing NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 cake det 2 cake cake NOUN Number=Sing 3 has nsubj 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 pink pink ADJ Degree=Pos 5 icing amod 5 icing icing NOUN Number=Sing 3 has obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present the cake pink icing vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent icing=Patient
Example 4 How much icing for 6 cakes?
advmod amod case nummod nmod punct root How ADV much ADJ icing NOUN for ADP 6 NUM cakes NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 How how ADV PronType=Int 2 much advmod 2 much much ADJ Degree=Pos 3 icing amod 3 icing icing NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 for for ADP _ 6 cakes case 5 6 6 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 6 cakes nummod 6 cakes cake NOUN Number=Plur 3 icing nmod 7 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 icing punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 5 We decorated the cupcakes with blue icing.
nsubj det obj case amod nmod punct root We PRON decorated VERB the DET cupcakes NOUN with ADP blue ADJ icing NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 decorated nsubj 2 decorated decorate VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 cupcakes det 4 cupcakes cupcake NOUN Number=Plur 2 decorated obj 5 with with ADP _ 7 icing case 6 blue blue ADJ Degree=Pos 7 icing amod 7 icing icing NOUN Number=Sing 4 cupcakes nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 decorated punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 decorate past We the cupcakes with blue icing vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent cupcake=Destination with icing=Theme
Example 6 Mix icing sugar with a little water.
compound compound case det amod nmod punct root Mix NOUN icing NOUN sugar NOUN with ADP a DET little ADJ water NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Mix mix NOUN Number=Sing 2 icing compound 2 icing icing NOUN Number=Sing 3 sugar compound 3 sugar sugar NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 with with ADP _ 7 water case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 water det 6 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 7 water amod 7 water water NOUN Number=Sing 3 sugar nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 sugar punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 7 Winning the cup was great, and the medal was the icing on the cake.
The tree, 14 words csubj det obj cop punct cc det nsubj cop det conj case det nmod punct root Winning VERB the DET cup NOUN was AUX great ADJ , PUNCT and CCONJ the DET medal NOUN was AUX the DET icing NOUN on ADP the DET cake NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Winning win VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 5 great csubj 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 cup det 3 cup cup NOUN Number=Sing 1 Winning obj 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 great cop 5 great great ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 , , PUNCT _ 12 icing punct 7 and and CCONJ _ 12 icing cc 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 medal det 9 medal medal NOUN Number=Sing 12 icing nsubj 10 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 12 icing cop 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 icing det 12 icing icing NOUN Number=Sing 5 great conj 13 on on ADP _ 15 cake case 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 cake det 15 cake cake NOUN Number=Sing 12 icing nmod 16 . . PUNCT _ 5 great punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 win gerund the cup vn succeed-74-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cup=Eventuality 2 is past Winning great property tree rules 3 is a past the medal the icing the cake tree rules
Example 8 Icing on the road made it slippery.
csubj case det obl obj xcomp punct root Icing VERB on ADP the DET road NOUN made VERB it PRON slippery ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Icing ice VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 made csubj 2 on on ADP _ 4 road case 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 road det 4 road road NOUN Number=Sing 1 Icing obl 5 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 made obj 7 slippery slippery ADJ Degree=Pos 5 made xcomp 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 ice gerund the road vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent 2 make past Icing road slippery property vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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