inference

Who acts: idea, act, you, inference, my, teacher · What happens: answer, work out, not tell, know, draw, be · To what, where: you, clues, something, act, conclusion, garden · Speech: someone speaks here

«inference» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: inference in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

An idea or answer you work out from clues or facts, not from being told directly.

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	An	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 idea	det
2	idea	idea	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 work	nsubj
3	or	or	CCONJ	_	4 answer	cc
4	answer	answer	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 idea	conj
5	you	you	PRON	Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs	4 answer	obj
6	work	work	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
7	out	out	ADP	_	6 work	compound:prt
8	from	from	ADP	_	9 clues	case
9	clues	clue	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 work	obl
10	or	or	CCONJ	_	11 facts	cc
11	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 clues	conj
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 told	punct
13	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	16 told	advmod
14	from	from	SCONJ	_	16 told	mark
15	being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	16 told	aux:pass
16	told	tell	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 work	advcl
17	directly	directly	ADV	_	16 told	advmod
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 work	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	to whom	where	other	roles by
1	answer speech: assert	infinitive	a idea not said here	you			vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent you=Eventuality
2	work out	infinitive	a idea		clues or facts		vn discover-84 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent
3	not tell speech: assert	gerund · passive	a idea not said here			directly property	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

The act of working something out from what you already know.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 act	det
2	act	act	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	SCONJ	_	4 working	mark
4	working	work	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 act	acl
5	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	4 working	obj
6	out	out	ADP	_	4 working	compound:prt
7	from	from	ADP	_	8 what	case
8	what	what	PRON	PronType=Rel	4 working	obl
9	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	11 know	nsubj
10	already	already	ADV	_	11 know	advmod
11	know	know	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 what	acl:relcl
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 act	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	work out	gerund	the act not said here	something		the act			vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Topic
2	know	present	you						vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer

Meaning 3

Usage: formal, maths and science — kept apart, not parsed.

A conclusion drawn from data or from a set of statements by careful reasoning.

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 conclusion	det
2	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	drawn	draw	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 conclusion	acl
4	from	from	ADP	_	5 data	case
5	data	data	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 drawn	obl
6	or	or	CCONJ	_	9 set	cc
7	from	from	ADP	_	9 set	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 set	det
9	set	set	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 data	conj
10	of	of	ADP	_	11 statements	case
11	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 set	nmod
12	by	by	ADP	_	14 reasoning	case
13	careful	careful	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 reasoning	amod
14	reasoning	reasoning	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 drawn	obl
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 conclusion	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	draw	participle		a conclusion not said here				by careful reasoning; from data or a set of statements	vn split-23.2 «NP V PP.co-patient»: agent=Patient from data=Co-Patient

Example 1

From the muddy boots, my inference was that Dad had been in the garden.

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	From	from	ADP	_	4 boots	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 boots	det
3	muddy	muddy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 boots	amod
4	boots	boot	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 garden	obl
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 boots	punct
6	my	my	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	7 inference	nmod:poss
7	inference	inference	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 garden	nsubj
8	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	15 garden	cop
9	that	that	SCONJ	_	15 garden	mark
10	Dad	Dad	PROPN	Number=Sing	15 garden	nsubj
11	had	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	15 garden	aux
12	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	15 garden	cop
13	in	in	ADP	_	15 garden	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 garden	det
15	garden	garden	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	15 garden	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	past · perfect	my inference			the garden		from the muddy boots	tree rules
2	infer		my						nom inference «cognition transitive»: poss=agent

Example 2

Our teacher asked us to make an inference about why the boy was crying.

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Our	our	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 teacher	nmod:poss
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 asked	nsubj
3	asked	ask	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	us	we	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	3 asked	iobj
5	to	to	PART	_	6 make	mark
6	make	make	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 asked	xcomp
7	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 inference	det
8	inference	inference	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 make	obj
9	about	about	SCONJ	_	14 crying	mark
10	why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	14 crying	advmod
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 boy	det
12	boy	boy	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 crying	nsubj
13	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	14 crying	aux
14	crying	cry	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	6 make	advcl
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 asked	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	roles by
1	ask speech: ask	past	Our teacher		us	vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP whether S_INF»: agent=Agent we=Recipient clause=Topic
2	make not said to happen	to-infinitive	Our teacher not said here	a inference		vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset inference=Product
3	cry speech: express	past · progressive	the boy			vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Example 3

The detective's inference was right: the thief had a key.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 detective	det
2	detective	detective	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 inference	nmod:poss
3	's	's	PART	_	2 detective	case
4	inference	inference	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 right	nsubj
5	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 right	cop
6	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
7	:	:	PUNCT	_	10 had	punct
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 thief	det
9	thief	thief	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 had	nsubj
10	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 right	conj
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 key	det
12	key	key	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 had	obj
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 right	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is	past	the detective's inference		right property	tree rules
2	have	past	the thief	a key		vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent key=Patient
3	infer		the detective			nom inference «cognition transitive»: poss=agent

Example 4

You saw smoke, so the inference is that something is burning.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	You	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	2 saw	nsubj
2	saw	see	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	smoke	smoke	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 saw	obj
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 burning	punct
5	so	so	ADV	_	12 burning	advmod
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 inference	det
7	inference	inference	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 burning	nsubj
8	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 burning	cop
9	that	that	SCONJ	_	12 burning	mark
10	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	12 burning	nsubj
11	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 burning	aux
12	burning	burn	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 saw	conj
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 saw	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	see	past	You	smoke					vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer smoke=Stimulus
2	is	present · progressive	the inference					burn property	tree rules

Example 5

It is only an inference, not a fact, so check it.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 inference	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 inference	cop
3	only	only	ADV	_	5 inference	advmod
4	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 inference	det
5	inference	inference	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 fact	punct
7	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	9 fact	advmod
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 fact	det
9	fact	fact	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 inference	conj
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 check	punct
11	so	so	ADV	_	12 check	advmod
12	check	check	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	5 inference	parataxis
13	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	12 check	obj
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 inference	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	It	a inference and a fact					tree rules
2	check	infinitive		fact					vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme

Example 6

The report draws an inference from the survey data (formal).

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 report	det
2	report	report	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 draws	nsubj
3	draws	draw	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 inference	det
5	inference	inference	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 draws	obj
6	from	from	ADP	_	9 data	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 data	det
8	survey	survey	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 data	compound
9	data	data	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 draws	obl
10	(	(	PUNCT	_	11 formal	punct
11	formal	formal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 data	amod
12	)	)	PUNCT	_	11 formal	punct
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 draws	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	draw	present	the report	a inference		the survey data			vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.initial_location»: agent=Agent inference=Theme from data=Initial_Location

Example 7

By inference, the missing number must be bigger than ten.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	By	by	ADP	_	2 inference	case
2	inference	inference	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 bigger	obl
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 inference	punct
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 number	det
5	missing	missing	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 number	amod
6	number	number	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 bigger	nsubj
7	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	9 bigger	aux
8	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	9 bigger	cop
9	bigger	big	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
10	than	than	ADP	_	11 ten	case
11	ten	ten	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	9 bigger	obl
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 bigger	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	must	the missing number					by inference; than ten; big property	tree rules

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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