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kopje

Who acts: It, lions, kopje, we, soldiers, Baboons · What happens: stand, come, mean, lay, watch, be · To what, where: flat open land, Afrikaans, little head, top, plain, small rocky hill

«kopje» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: kopje in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Usage: South Africa — kept apart, not parsed.

A small hill, usually rocky, standing alone on flat open land (the veld).

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 hill	det
2	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 hill	amod
3	hill	hill	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 rocky	nsubj
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 rocky	punct
5	usually	usually	ADV	_	6 rocky	advmod
6	rocky	rocky	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 standing	punct
8	standing	stand	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	6 rocky	advcl
9	alone	alone	ADV	_	8 standing	advmod
10	on	on	ADP	_	13 land	case
11	flat	flat	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 land	amod
12	open	open	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 land	amod
13	land	land	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 standing	obl
14	(	(	PUNCT	_	16 veld	punct
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 veld	det
16	veld	veld	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 land	appos
17	)	)	PUNCT	_	16 veld	punct
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 rocky	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	stand	gerund				flat open land		alone property	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on land=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

It comes from Afrikaans and Dutch, meaning «little head».

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 comes	nsubj
2	comes	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	from	from	ADP	_	4 Afrikaans	case
4	Afrikaans	Afrikaans	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 comes	obl
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 Dutch	cc
6	Dutch	dutch	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 Afrikaans	conj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 meaning	punct
8	meaning	mean	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 comes	advcl
9	«	«	PUNCT	_	11 head	punct
10	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 head	amod
11	head	head	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 meaning	obj
12	»	»	PUNCT	_	11 head	punct
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 comes	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	come	present	It			Afrikaans			vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from afrikaans=Initial_Location
2	mean	gerund		little head					vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent head=Topic

Example 1

The lions lay on top of the kopje, watching the plain.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 lions	det
2	lions	lion	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 lay	nsubj
3	lay	lay	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	on	on	ADP	_	5 top	case
5	top	top	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 lay	obl
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 kopje	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 kopje	det
8	kopje	kopje	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 top	nmod
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 watching	punct
10	watching	watch	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 lay	advcl
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 plain	det
12	plain	plain	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 watching	obj
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 lay	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	lay	present	the lions			top of the kopje			vn put_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on top=Destination
2	watch	gerund	the lions not said here	the plain					vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plain=Theme

Example 2

A kopje is a small rocky hill in South Africa.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 kopje	det
2	kopje	kopje	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 hill	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 hill	cop
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 hill	det
5	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 hill	amod
6	rocky	rocky	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 hill	amod
7	hill	hill	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
8	in	in	ADP	_	10 Africa	case
9	South	South	PROPN	Number=Sing	10 Africa	compound
10	Africa	Africa	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 hill	nmod
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 hill	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	a kopje	a small rocky hill		South Africa			tree rules

Example 3

From the kopje, we could see the whole valley.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	From	from	ADP	_	3 kopje	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 kopje	det
3	kopje	kopje	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 see	obl
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 kopje	punct
5	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	7 see	nsubj
6	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	7 see	aux
7	see	see	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 valley	det
9	whole	whole	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 valley	amod
10	valley	valley	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 see	obj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 see	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	see	could	we	the whole valley		the kopje			vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer valley=Stimulus

Example 4

The soldiers hid behind a kopje.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 soldiers	det
2	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 hid	nsubj
3	hid	hide	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	behind	behind	ADP	_	6 kopje	case
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 kopje	det
6	kopje	kopje	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 hid	obl
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 hid	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hide	past	the soldiers			a kopje			vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent behind kopje=Location

Example 5

Baboons climbed over the rocks of the kopje.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Baboons	baboon	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 climbed	nsubj
2	climbed	climb	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	over	over	ADP	_	5 rocks	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 rocks	det
5	rocks	rock	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 climbed	obl
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 kopje	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 kopje	det
8	kopje	kopje	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 rocks	nmod
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 climbed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	climb	past	Baboons			the rocks of the kopje			vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over rock=Trajectory

Example 6

The safari truck stopped near a kopje at sunset.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 truck	det
2	safari	safari	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 truck	compound
3	truck	truck	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 stopped	nsubj
4	stopped	stop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	near	near	ADP	_	7 kopje	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 kopje	det
7	kopje	kopje	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 stopped	obl
8	at	at	ADP	_	9 sunset	case
9	sunset	sunset	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 stopped	obl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 stopped	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	stop	past	the safari truck			a kopje	sunset		vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/K/kopje/