laborious

Who acts: Copying, Digging, Adding, laborious spring cleaning, arms, Mole · What happens: need, show, copy, be, dig, add · To what, where: lot, much effort, whole book, laborious work, tunnel, 7

«laborious» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: laborious in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Needing a lot of hard work, effort and time.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Needing	need	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 lot	det
3	lot	lot	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Needing	obj
4	of	of	ADP	_	6 work	case
5	hard	hard	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 work	amod
6	work	work	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 lot	nmod
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 effort	punct
8	effort	effort	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 work	conj
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 time	cc
10	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 effort	conj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Needing	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	need	gerund		a lot of hard work and effort and time					vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot lot=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Usage: of writing or speech — kept apart, not parsed.

Slow and heavy, showing too much effort.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Slow	slow	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
2	and	and	CCONJ	_	3 heavy	cc
3	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Slow	conj
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 showing	punct
5	showing	show	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	1 Slow	advcl
6	too	too	ADV	_	7 much	advmod
7	much	much	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 effort	amod
8	effort	effort	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 showing	obj
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Slow	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	show	gerund		much effort					vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent effort=Recipient

Example 1

Copying the whole book by hand was laborious work.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Copying	copy	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	9 work	csubj
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 book	det
3	whole	whole	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 book	amod
4	book	book	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Copying	obj
5	by	by	ADP	_	6 hand	case
6	hand	hand	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Copying	obl
7	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	9 work	cop
8	laborious	laborious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 work	amod
9	work	work	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 work	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	copy	gerund		the whole book				by hand	vn transcribe-25.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent book=Theme by hand=Destination
2	is a	past	Copying	laborious work					tree rules

Example 2

Digging the tunnel was slow and laborious.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Digging	dig	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 slow	csubj
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 tunnel	det
3	tunnel	tunnel	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Digging	obj
4	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 slow	cop
5	slow	slow	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 laborious	cc
7	laborious	laborious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 slow	conj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 slow	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	dig	gerund		the tunnel		vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent tunnel=Theme
2	is	past	Digging		slow property	tree rules
3	be		Digging not said here			tree rules

Example 3

Adding 7 forty times is laborious, so use 7 × 40 instead.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Adding	add	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 laborious	csubj
2	7	7	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	4 times	nummod
3	forty	forty	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	2 7	flat
4	times	time	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Adding	obl:unmarked
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 laborious	cop
6	laborious	laborious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 use	punct
8	so	so	ADV	_	9 use	advmod
9	use	use	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	6 laborious	parataxis
10	7	7	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	9 use	obj
11	×	×	SYM	_	12 40	case
12	40	40	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	10 7	nmod
13	instead	instead	ADV	_	9 use	advmod
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 laborious	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	add speech: assert	gerund			time		vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient
2	is	present	Adding			laborious property	tree rules
3	use	infinitive		7		× 40; instead property	vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 7=Patient

Example 4

The Mole's laborious spring-cleaning made his arms ache.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 Mole	det
2	Mole	mole	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 cleaning	nmod:poss
3	's	's	PART	_	2 Mole	case
4	laborious	laborious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 cleaning	amod
5	spring	spring	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 cleaning	compound
6	-	-	PUNCT	_	5 spring	punct
7	cleaning	cleaning	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 made	nsubj
8	made	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 arms	nmod:poss
10	arms	arm	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 ache	nsubj
11	ache	ache	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 made	ccomp
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 made	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	roles by
1	make	past	the Mole's laborious spring cleaning	tree rules
2	ache	present	cleaning's arms	vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
3	clean		the Mole	nom cleaning «act intransitive»: poss=agent

Example 5

Before washing machines, washing clothes was laborious.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Before	before	SCONJ	_	2 washing	mark
2	washing	wash	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	8 laborious	advcl
3	machines	machine	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 washing	obj
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 washing	punct
5	washing	wash	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 clothes	amod
6	clothes	clothes	NOUN	Number=Ptan	8 laborious	nsubj
7	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 laborious	cop
8	laborious	laborious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 laborious	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	wash	gerund	washing clothes not said here	machines		vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent machine=Patient
2	wash	gerund				vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	is	past	washing clothes		laborious property	tree rules

Example 6

His laborious handwriting took ages.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	His	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 handwriting	nmod:poss
2	laborious	laborious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 handwriting	amod
3	handwriting	handwriting	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 took	nsubj
4	took	take	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	ages	age	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 took	obj
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 took	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	take	past	His laborious handwriting	ages					vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent age=Theme
2	handwrite		His = he						nom handwriting «communication transitive»: poss=agent

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/L/laborious/