learner Who acts: learner, person, learner driver, L plate, She, car · What happens: be, learn, drive, not pass, show, pick up · To what, where: person, something, new skill, someone, car, fast learner · Speech: someone speaks here
«learner» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: learner in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A learner is a person who is learning something, like a pupil at school or someone learning a new skill.
The tree, 20 words det nsubj cop det nsubj aux acl:relcl obj punct case det obl case nmod cc conj acl det amod obj punct root A DET learner NOUN is AUX a DET person NOUN who PRON is AUX learning VERB something PRON , PUNCT like ADP a DET pupil NOUN at ADP school NOUN or CCONJ someone PRON learning VERB a DET new ADJ skill NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 learner det 2 learner learner NOUN Number=Sing 5 person nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 person cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 person det 5 person person NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 who who PRON PronType=Rel 8 learning nsubj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 learning aux 8 learning learn VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 5 person acl:relcl 9 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 8 learning obj 10 , , PUNCT _ 13 pupil punct 11 like like ADP _ 13 pupil case 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 pupil det 13 pupil pupil NOUN Number=Sing 8 learning obl 14 at at ADP _ 15 school case 15 school school NOUN Number=Sing 13 pupil nmod 16 or or CCONJ _ 17 someone cc 17 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 13 pupil conj 18 learning learn VERB VerbForm=Ger 17 someone acl 19 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 21 skill det 20 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 21 skill amod 21 skill skill NOUN Number=Sing 18 learning obj 22 . . PUNCT _ 5 person punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a learner a person tree rules 2 learn present · progressive a person something like a pupil at school vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Topic 3 learn gerund a new skill vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skill=Topic
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A learner driver is someone learning to drive a car who has not passed the driving test yet.
The tree, 18 words det compound nsubj cop acl mark xcomp det obj nsubj:pass aux advmod acl:relcl det compound obj advmod punct root A DET learner NOUN driver NOUN is AUX someone PRON learning VERB to PART drive VERB a DET car NOUN who PRON has AUX not PART passed VERB the DET driving NOUN test NOUN yet ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 driver det 2 learner learner NOUN Number=Sing 3 driver compound 3 driver driver NOUN Number=Sing 5 someone nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 someone cop 5 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind root root 6 learning learn VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 someone acl 7 to to PART _ 8 drive mark 8 drive drive VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 learning xcomp 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 car det 10 car car NOUN Number=Sing 8 drive obj 11 who who PRON PronType=Rel 14 passed nsubj:pass 12 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 passed aux 13 not not PART Polarity=Neg 14 passed advmod 14 passed pass VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 10 car acl:relcl 15 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 17 test det 16 driving driving NOUN Number=Sing 17 test compound 17 test test NOUN Number=Sing 14 passed obj 18 yet yet ADV _ 14 passed advmod 19 . . PUNCT _ 5 someone punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a learner driver someone tree rules 2 learn gerund vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 drive to-infinitive a car vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme car=Trajectory 4 not pass present · perfect · passive a car yet vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient test=Theme
Meaning 3 Usage: UK, Ireland — kept apart, not parsed.
An L-plate (a red L on white) shows that a car is driven by a learner.
The tree, 17 words det compound punct nsubj punct det amod conj case nmod punct mark det nsubj:pass aux:pass ccomp case det obl punct root An DET L NOUN - PUNCT plate NOUN ( PUNCT a DET red ADJ L NOUN on ADP white ADJ ) PUNCT shows VERB that SCONJ a DET car NOUN is AUX driven VERB by ADP a DET learner NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 An a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 plate det 2 L l NOUN Number=Sing 4 plate compound 3 - - PUNCT _ 2 L punct 4 plate plate NOUN Number=Sing 12 shows nsubj 5 ( ( PUNCT _ 8 L punct 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 L det 7 red red ADJ Degree=Pos 8 L amod 8 L l NOUN Number=Sing 4 plate conj 9 on on ADP _ 10 white case 10 white white ADJ Degree=Pos 8 L nmod 11 ) ) PUNCT _ 8 L punct 12 shows show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 13 that that SCONJ _ 17 driven mark 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 car det 15 car car NOUN Number=Sing 17 driven nsubj:pass 16 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 17 driven aux:pass 17 driven drive VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 12 shows ccomp 18 by by ADP _ 20 learner case 19 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 20 learner det 20 learner learner NOUN Number=Sing 17 driven obl 21 . . PUNCT _ 12 shows punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show present a L plate and a red L on white vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 drive present · passive a learner a car vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme subject=Trajectory
Example 1 She's a fast learner and picked up chess in a week.
nsubj cop det amod cc amod compound:prt conj case det nmod punct root She PRON 's AUX a DET fast ADJ learner NOUN and CCONJ picked VERB up ADP chess NOUN in ADP a DET week NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 learner nsubj 2 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 learner cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 learner det 4 fast fast ADJ Degree=Pos 5 learner amod 5 learner learner NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 and and CCONJ _ 9 chess cc 7 picked pick VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 9 chess amod 8 up up ADP _ 7 picked compound:prt 9 chess chess NOUN Number=Sing 5 learner conj 10 in in ADP _ 12 week case 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 week det 12 week week NOUN Number=Sing 5 learner nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 5 learner punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present She a fast learner and picked chess week tree rules 2 pick up participle vn discover-84-1 «NP V PP.topic S_ING»: agent=Agent
Example 2 The car had L-plates because Mum is a learner driver.
det nsubj compound punct obj mark nsubj cop det compound advcl punct root The DET car NOUN had VERB L PROPN - PUNCT plates NOUN because SCONJ Mum NOUN is AUX a DET learner NOUN driver NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 car det 2 car car NOUN Number=Sing 3 had nsubj 3 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 L L PROPN Number=Sing 6 plates compound 5 - - PUNCT _ 4 L punct 6 plates plate NOUN Number=Plur 3 had obj 7 because because SCONJ _ 12 driver mark 8 Mum mum NOUN Number=Sing 12 driver nsubj 9 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 driver cop 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 driver det 11 learner learner NOUN Number=Sing 12 driver compound 12 driver driver NOUN Number=Sing 3 had advcl 13 . . PUNCT _ 3 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past the car L plates vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plate=Patient 2 is a present Mum a learner driver tree rules
Example 3 Our school wants every learner to feel welcome.
nmod:poss nsubj det obj mark xcomp xcomp punct root Our PRON school NOUN wants VERB every DET learner NOUN to PART feel VERB welcome ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 school nmod:poss 2 school school NOUN Number=Sing 3 wants nsubj 3 wants want VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 every every DET PronType=Tot 5 learner det 5 learner learner NOUN Number=Sing 3 wants obj 6 to to PART _ 7 feel mark 7 feel feel VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 wants xcomp 8 welcome welcome ADJ Degree=Pos 7 feel xcomp 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 wants punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 want present Our school every learner tree rules 2 feel not said to happen to-infinitive every learner not said here welcome property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
Example 4 English learners often find spelling tricky.
amod nsubj advmod obj xcomp punct root English ADJ learners NOUN often ADV find VERB spelling NOUN tricky ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 English English ADJ Degree=Pos 2 learners amod 2 learners learner NOUN Number=Plur 4 find nsubj 3 often often ADV _ 4 find advmod 4 find find VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 spelling spelling NOUN Number=Sing 4 find obj 6 tricky tricky ADJ Degree=Pos 4 find xcomp 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 find punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 find present English learners spelling often, tricky property vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spelling=Topic
Example 5 Be patient with learners; everyone starts somewhere.
cop case obl punct nsubj conj advmod punct root Be AUX patient ADJ with ADP learners NOUN ; PUNCT everyone PRON starts VERB somewhere ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 2 patient cop 2 patient patient ADJ Degree=Pos root root 3 with with ADP _ 4 learners case 4 learners learner NOUN Number=Plur 2 patient obl 5 ; ; PUNCT _ 7 starts punct 6 everyone everyone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Tot 7 starts nsubj 7 starts start VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 patient conj 8 somewhere somewhere ADV PronType=Ind 7 starts advmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 patient punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is imperative you not said here with learners; patient property tree rules 2 start present everyone somewhere property vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
Example 6 Dad's a learner on the guitar, so it sounds a bit wobbly.
The tree, 13 words nsubj cop det case det nmod punct advmod nsubj parataxis det obl amod punct root Dad NOUN 's AUX a DET learner NOUN on ADP the DET guitar NOUN , PUNCT so ADV it PRON sounds VERB a DET bit NOUN wobbly ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dad dad NOUN Number=Sing 4 learner nsubj 2 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 learner cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 learner det 4 learner learner NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 on on ADP _ 7 guitar case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 guitar det 7 guitar guitar NOUN Number=Sing 4 learner nmod 8 , , PUNCT _ 11 sounds punct 9 so so ADV _ 11 sounds advmod 10 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 sounds nsubj 11 sounds sound VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 learner parataxis 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 bit det 13 bit bit NOUN Number=Sing 11 sounds obl 14 wobbly wobbly ADJ Degree=Pos 13 bit amod 15 . . PUNCT _ 4 learner punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Dad a learner the guitar tree rules 2 sound present guitar a bit vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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