learn Who acts: heart, we, Ella, I, you, our · What happens: learn, be, know, get, swim, find out · To what, where: something, new skill, adjective, much knowledge, study, 4 new words · Speech: someone speaks here
«learn» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: learn in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To learn is to come to know something new, or to get a new skill: learn to swim.
The tree, 18 words mark cop mark ccomp mark xcomp obj amod punct cc mark conj det amod obj punct conj mark xcomp punct root To PART learn VERB is AUX to PART come VERB to PART know VERB something PRON new ADJ , PUNCT or CCONJ to PART get VERB a DET new ADJ skill NOUN : PUNCT learn VERB to PART swim VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 learn mark 2 learn learn VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 come cop 4 to to PART _ 5 come mark 5 come come VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 learn ccomp 6 to to PART _ 7 know mark 7 know know VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 come xcomp 8 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 7 know obj 9 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 8 something amod 10 , , PUNCT _ 13 get punct 11 or or CCONJ _ 13 get cc 12 to to PART _ 13 get mark 13 get get VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 come conj 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 skill det 15 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 16 skill amod 16 skill skill NOUN Number=Sing 13 get obj 17 : : PUNCT _ 18 learn punct 18 learn learn VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 2 learn conj 19 to to PART _ 20 swim mark 20 swim swim VERB VerbForm=Inf 18 learn xcomp 21 . . PUNCT _ 2 learn punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn to-infinitive vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 is present come property tree rules 3 know to-infinitive something vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer something=Stimulus 4 get to-infinitive a new skill vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer skill=Stimulus 5 learn infinitive vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 6 swim to-infinitive vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To learn something by heart is to remember it word for word.
mark obj mark nsubj cop mark advcl obj obj case nmod punct root To PART learn VERB something PRON by SCONJ heart NOUN is AUX to PART remember VERB it PRON word NOUN for ADP word NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 learn mark 2 learn learn VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 learn obj 4 by by SCONJ _ 8 remember mark 5 heart heart NOUN Number=Sing 8 remember nsubj 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 remember cop 7 to to PART _ 8 remember mark 8 remember remember VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 learn advcl 9 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 remember obj 10 word word NOUN Number=Sing 8 remember obj 11 for for ADP _ 12 word case 12 word word NOUN Number=Sing 10 word nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 learn punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn to-infinitive something vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Topic 2 is present heart remember property tree rules
Meaning 3 To learn about something is to find out about it: we learned about volcanoes.
The tree, 14 words mark case obl cop mark acl compound:prt case obl punct nsubj advcl case obl punct root To PART learn VERB about ADP something PRON is AUX to PART find VERB out ADP about ADP it PRON : PUNCT we PRON learned VERB about ADP volcanoes NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 learn mark 2 learn learn VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 about about ADP _ 4 something case 4 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 learn obl 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 something cop 6 to to PART _ 7 find mark 7 find find VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 something acl 8 out out ADP _ 7 find compound:prt 9 about about ADP _ 10 it case 10 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 find obl 11 : : PUNCT _ 13 learned punct 12 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 13 learned nsubj 13 learned learn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 learn advcl 14 about about ADP _ 15 volcanoes case 15 volcanoes volcano NOUN Number=Plur 13 learned obl 16 . . PUNCT _ 2 learn punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn to-infinitive vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 is present about something tree rules 3 find out to-infinitive about it vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about it=Topic 4 learn past we about volcanoes vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about volcano=Topic
Meaning 4 Learned (as an adjective) means having much knowledge gained from study and reading.
The tree, 13 words nsubj punct case det obj punct xcomp amod obj acl case obl cc conj punct root Learned VERB ( PUNCT as ADP an DET adjective NOUN ) PUNCT means VERB having VERB much ADJ knowledge NOUN gained VERB from ADP study NOUN and CCONJ reading NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Learned learn VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 means nsubj 2 ( ( PUNCT _ 5 adjective punct 3 as as ADP _ 5 adjective case 4 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 adjective det 5 adjective adjective NOUN Number=Sing 1 Learned obj 6 ) ) PUNCT _ 5 adjective punct 7 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 8 having have VERB VerbForm=Ger 7 means xcomp 9 much much ADJ Degree=Pos 10 knowledge amod 10 knowledge knowledge NOUN Number=Sing 8 having obj 11 gained gain VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 10 knowledge acl 12 from from ADP _ 13 study case 13 study study NOUN Number=Sing 11 gained obl 14 and and CCONJ _ 15 reading cc 15 reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 13 study conj 16 . . PUNCT _ 7 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn participle a adjective vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent adjective=Topic 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 have not said to happen gerund much knowledge vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent knowledge=Patient 4 gain participle much knowledge not said here study and reading vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute
Example 1 First, a little revision of what we learned before …
advmod punct det amod case nmod nsubj acl:relcl advmod punct root First ADV , PUNCT a DET little ADJ revision NOUN of ADP what PRON we PRON learned VERB before ADV … PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 First first ADV NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 5 revision advmod 2 , , PUNCT _ 1 First punct 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 revision det 4 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 5 revision amod 5 revision revision NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 of of ADP _ 7 what case 7 what what PRON PronType=Rel 5 revision nmod 8 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 9 learned nsubj 9 learned learn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 what acl:relcl 10 before before ADV _ 9 learned advmod 11 … . PUNCT _ 5 revision punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn past we before property vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 2 Today we learn to divide.
obl:unmarked nsubj mark xcomp punct root Today NOUN we PRON learn VERB to PART divide VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Today today NOUN Number=Sing 3 learn obl:unmarked 2 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 learn nsubj 3 learn learn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to PART _ 5 divide mark 5 divide divide VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 learn xcomp 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 learn punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn present we today vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 divide to-infinitive we not said here vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 3 Ella learns 4 new words each day.
nsubj nummod amod obj det obl:unmarked punct root Ella PROPN learns VERB 4 NUM new ADJ words NOUN each DET day NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Ella Ella PROPN Number=Sing 2 learns nsubj 2 learns learn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 4 4 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 words nummod 4 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 5 words amod 5 words word NOUN Number=Plur 2 learns obj 6 each each DET PronType=Tot 7 day det 7 day day NOUN Number=Sing 2 learns obl:unmarked 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 learns punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn present Ella 4 new words day vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Topic
Example 4 I learned to ride my bike last summer.
nsubj mark xcomp nmod:poss obj amod obl:unmarked punct root I PRON learned VERB to PART ride VERB my PRON bike NOUN last ADJ summer NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 learned nsubj 2 learned learn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 to to PART _ 4 ride mark 4 ride ride VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 learned xcomp 5 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 bike nmod:poss 6 bike bike NOUN Number=Sing 4 ride obj 7 last last ADJ Degree=Pos 8 summer amod 8 summer summer NOUN Number=Sing 4 ride obl:unmarked 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 learned punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn past I vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 ride to-infinitive I not said here my bike summer vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bike=Theme
Example 5 We are learning about the solar system.
nsubj aux case det amod obl punct root We PRON are AUX learning VERB about ADP the DET solar ADJ system NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 learning nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 learning aux 3 learning learn VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 about about ADP _ 7 system case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 system det 6 solar solar ADJ Degree=Pos 7 system amod 7 system system NOUN Number=Sing 3 learning obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 learning punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn present · progressive We about the solar system vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about system=Topic
Example 6 Learn your times tables by heart.
nmod:poss compound obj case obl punct root Learn VERB your PRON times NOUN tables NOUN by ADP heart NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Learn learn VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 tables nmod:poss 3 times time NOUN Number=Plur 4 tables compound 4 tables table NOUN Number=Plur 1 Learn obj 5 by by ADP _ 6 heart case 6 heart heart NOUN Number=Sing 1 Learn obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 1 Learn punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn imperative you not said here your times tables by heart vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent table=Topic
Example 7 We learn from our mistakes.
nsubj case nmod:poss obl punct root We PRON learn VERB from ADP our PRON mistakes NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 learn nsubj 2 learn learn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 from from ADP _ 5 mistakes case 4 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 mistakes nmod:poss 5 mistakes mistake NOUN Number=Plur 2 learn obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 learn punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn present We our mistakes vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.source»: agent=Agent from mistake=Source 2 mistake our nom mistake «act intransitive»: poss=agent
Example 8 My dog learned a new trick.
nmod:poss nsubj det amod obj punct root My PRON dog NOUN learned VERB a DET new ADJ trick NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 dog nmod:poss 2 dog dog NOUN Number=Sing 3 learned nsubj 3 learned learn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 trick det 5 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 6 trick amod 6 trick trick NOUN Number=Sing 3 learned obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 learned punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn past My dog a new trick vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent trick=Topic
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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