lighten Who acts: sky, job, joke, you, informal, jokes · What happens: lighten, be, become, lighten up, mean, relax · To what, where: something, bag, mood, books, schoolbag, sky · Speech: someone speaks here
«lighten» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: lighten in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To lighten something is to make it less heavy: lighten your bag.
mark csubj obj cop mark obj advmod xcomp punct conj nmod:poss obj punct root To PART lighten VERB something PRON is AUX to PART make VERB it PRON less ADV heavy ADJ : PUNCT lighten VERB your PRON bag NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 lighten mark 2 lighten lighten VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 make csubj 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 lighten obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 make cop 5 to to PART _ 6 make mark 6 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 make obj 8 less less ADV Degree=Cmp 9 heavy advmod 9 heavy heavy ADJ Degree=Pos 6 make xcomp 10 : : PUNCT _ 11 lighten punct 11 lighten lighten VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 make conj 12 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 13 bag nmod:poss 13 bag bag NOUN Number=Sing 11 lighten obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 6 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lighten to-infinitive something vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent something=Patient 2 is present heavy, make property tree rules 3 lighten infinitive your bag vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent bag=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To lighten is to make or become brighter or paler in colour: the sky lightened.
The tree, 15 words mark csubj cop mark cc conj xcomp cc conj case obl punct det nsubj advcl punct root To PART lighten VERB is AUX to PART make VERB or CCONJ become VERB brighter ADJ or CCONJ paler ADJ in ADP colour NOUN : PUNCT the DET sky NOUN lightened VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 lighten mark 2 lighten lighten VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 make csubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 make cop 4 to to PART _ 5 make mark 5 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 become cc 7 become become VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 make conj 8 brighter bright ADJ Degree=Cmp 7 become xcomp 9 or or CCONJ _ 10 paler cc 10 paler pale ADJ Degree=Cmp 8 brighter conj 11 in in ADP _ 12 colour case 12 colour colour NOUN Number=Sing 8 brighter obl 13 : : PUNCT _ 16 lightened punct 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 sky det 15 sky sky NOUN Number=Sing 16 lightened nsubj 16 lightened lighten VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 make advcl 17 . . PUNCT _ 5 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lighten to-infinitive vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient 2 is present make property tree rules 3 become infinitive bright property vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient 4 lighten participle the sky vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient
Meaning 3 To lighten a mood or a job is to make it easier or happier: a joke lightened the mood.
The tree, 19 words mark det obj cc det nsubj cop mark conj obj xcomp cc conj punct det parataxis acl det obj punct root To PART lighten VERB a DET mood NOUN or CCONJ a DET job NOUN is AUX to PART make VERB it PRON easier ADJ or CCONJ happier ADJ : PUNCT a DET joke NOUN lightened VERB the DET mood NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 lighten mark 2 lighten lighten VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 mood det 4 mood mood NOUN Number=Sing 2 lighten obj 5 or or CCONJ _ 10 make cc 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 job det 7 job job NOUN Number=Sing 10 make nsubj 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 make cop 9 to to PART _ 10 make mark 10 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 lighten conj 11 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 make obj 12 easier easy ADJ Degree=Cmp 10 make xcomp 13 or or CCONJ _ 14 happier cc 14 happier happy ADJ Degree=Cmp 12 easier conj 15 : : PUNCT _ 17 joke punct 16 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 17 joke det 17 joke joke NOUN Number=Sing 2 lighten parataxis 18 lightened lighten VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 17 joke acl 19 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 20 mood det 20 mood mood NOUN Number=Sing 18 lightened obj 21 . . PUNCT _ 2 lighten punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lighten to-infinitive a mood vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent mood=Patient 2 is present a job easy, make property tree rules 3 lighten participle a joke not said here the mood vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent mood=Patient
Meaning 4 Lighten up (informal) means relax and stop being so serious.
compound:prt punct nsubj punct parataxis ccomp cc conj cop advmod xcomp punct root Lighten VERB up ADP ( PUNCT informal ADJ ) PUNCT means VERB relax VERB and CCONJ stop VERB being AUX so ADV serious ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Lighten lighten VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 up up ADP _ 1 Lighten compound:prt 3 ( ( PUNCT _ 4 informal punct 4 informal informal ADJ Degree=Pos 6 means nsubj 5 ) ) PUNCT _ 4 informal punct 6 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 Lighten parataxis 7 relax relax VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 means ccomp 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 stop cc 9 stop stop VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 relax conj 10 being be AUX Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 12 serious cop 11 so so ADV _ 12 serious advmod 12 serious serious ADJ Degree=Pos 9 stop xcomp 13 . . PUNCT _ 1 Lighten punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lighten up imperative you not said here vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient 2 mean present informal vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 relax infinitive vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 4 stop infinitive vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality 5 is gerund serious property tree rules
Meaning 5 Lighten can also mean to flash with lightning, as in a storm.
aux advmod ccomp mark xcomp case obl punct case case det conj punct root Lighten VERB can AUX also ADV mean VERB to PART flash VERB with ADP lightning NOUN , PUNCT as ADP in ADP a DET storm NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Lighten lighten VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 mean aux 3 also also ADV _ 4 mean advmod 4 mean mean VERB VerbForm=Inf 1 Lighten ccomp 5 to to PART _ 6 flash mark 6 flash flash VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 mean xcomp 7 with with ADP _ 8 lightning case 8 lightning lightning NOUN Number=Sing 6 flash obl 9 , , PUNCT _ 13 storm punct 10 as as ADP _ 13 storm case 11 in in ADP _ 13 storm case 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 storm det 13 storm storm NOUN Number=Sing 6 flash conj 14 . . PUNCT _ 1 Lighten punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lighten imperative you not said here tree rules 2 mean can you not said here vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 flash not said to happen to-infinitive you not said here with lightning vn light_emission-43.1 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location with lightning=Theme
Example 1 Take out some books to lighten your schoolbag.
compound:prt det obj mark csubj nmod:poss obj punct root Take VERB out ADP some DET books NOUN to PART lighten VERB your PRON schoolbag NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Take take VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 2 out out ADP _ 1 Take compound:prt 3 some some DET PronType=Ind 4 books det 4 books book NOUN Number=Plur 1 Take obj 5 to to PART _ 6 lighten mark 6 lighten lighten VERB VerbForm=Inf 1 Take csubj 7 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 schoolbag nmod:poss 8 schoolbag schoolbag NOUN Number=Sing 6 lighten obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 1 Take punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 take out imperative you not said here some books vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent book=Theme 2 lighten to-infinitive your schoolbag vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent schoolbag=Patient
Example 2 The sky lightened as the sun came up.
det nsubj acl case det obl advmod punct root The DET sky NOUN lightened VERB as ADP the DET sun NOUN came VERB up ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 sky det 2 sky sky NOUN Number=Sing 7 came nsubj 3 lightened lighten VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 sky acl 4 as as ADP _ 6 sun case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 sun det 6 sun sun NOUN Number=Sing 3 lightened obl 7 came come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 up up ADV _ 7 came advmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 7 came punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lighten participle the sky not said here as the sun vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient 2 come up past the sky vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 3 Add white to lighten the blue paint.
xcomp mark xcomp det amod obj punct root Add VERB white ADJ to PART lighten VERB the DET blue ADJ paint NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Add add VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 white white ADJ Degree=Pos 1 Add xcomp 3 to to PART _ 4 lighten mark 4 lighten lighten VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 white xcomp 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 paint det 6 blue blue ADJ Degree=Pos 7 paint amod 7 paint paint NOUN Number=Sing 4 lighten obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 1 Add punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 add speech: assert imperative you not said here white property vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient 2 lighten to-infinitive you not said here the blue paint vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent paint=Patient
Example 4 Grandpa's jokes lightened the mood.
nmod:poss case nsubj det obj punct root Grandpa PROPN 's PART jokes NOUN lightened VERB the DET mood NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Grandpa Grandpa PROPN Number=Sing 3 jokes nmod:poss 2 's 's PART _ 1 Grandpa case 3 jokes joke NOUN Number=Plur 4 lightened nsubj 4 lightened lighten VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 mood det 6 mood mood NOUN Number=Sing 4 lightened obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 lightened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lighten participle Grandpa's jokes the mood vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent mood=Patient 2 joke Grandpa nom joke «communication intransitive»: poss=agent
Example 5 Helping each other lightens the work.
csubj obj fixed det obj punct root Helping VERB each DET other ADJ lightens VERB the DET work NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Helping help VERB VerbForm=Ger 4 lightens csubj 2 each each DET ExtPos=PRON PronType=Rcp 1 Helping obj 3 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 2 each fixed 4 lightens lighten VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 work det 6 work work NOUN Number=Sing 4 lightens obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 lightens punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 help gerund each vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent each=Beneficiary 2 lighten present Helping the work vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent work=Patient
Example 6 Oh, lighten up — it's only a game!
discourse punct compound:prt punct nsubj cop advmod det obl punct root Oh INTJ , PUNCT lighten VERB up ADP — PUNCT it PRON 's AUX only ADV a DET game NOUN ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Oh oh INTJ _ 3 lighten discourse 2 , , PUNCT _ 1 Oh punct 3 lighten lighten VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 up up ADP _ 3 lighten compound:prt 5 — - PUNCT _ 10 game punct 6 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 game nsubj 7 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 game cop 8 only only ADV _ 10 game advmod 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 game det 10 game game NOUN Number=Sing 3 lighten obl 11 ! ! PUNCT _ 3 lighten punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lighten up imperative you not said here vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient 2 is a present it a game tree rules
Example 7 Her face lightened when she heard the good news.
nmod:poss nsubj advmod nsubj advcl det amod obj punct root Her PRON face NOUN lightened VERB when ADV she PRON heard VERB the DET good ADJ news NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 face nmod:poss 2 face face NOUN Number=Sing 3 lightened nsubj 3 lightened lighten VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 when when ADV PronType=Int 6 heard advmod 5 she she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 heard nsubj 6 heard hear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 lightened advcl 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 news det 8 good good ADJ Degree=Pos 9 news amod 9 news news NOUN Number=Sing 6 heard obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 lightened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lighten participle Her face vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient 2 hear past face the good news vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer news=Stimulus
Example 8 One night there was a dreadful storm; it thundered and lightened and the rain streamed down in torrents.
The tree, 18 words nummod obl:unmarked expl det amod nsubj punct nsubj parataxis cc conj cc det nsubj conj compound:prt case obl punct root One NUM night NOUN there PRON was VERB a DET dreadful ADJ storm NOUN ; PUNCT it PRON thundered VERB and CCONJ lightened VERB and CCONJ the DET rain NOUN streamed VERB down ADP in ADP torrents NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 One one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 2 night nummod 2 night night NOUN Number=Sing 4 was obl:unmarked 3 there there PRON PronType=Dem 4 was expl 4 was be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 storm det 6 dreadful dreadful ADJ Degree=Pos 7 storm amod 7 storm storm NOUN Number=Sing 4 was nsubj 8 ; ; PUNCT _ 10 thundered punct 9 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 thundered nsubj 10 thundered thunder VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 was parataxis 11 and and CCONJ _ 12 lightened cc 12 lightened lighten VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 10 thundered conj 13 and and CCONJ _ 16 streamed cc 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 rain det 15 rain rain NOUN Number=Sing 16 streamed nsubj 16 streamed stream VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 12 lightened conj 17 down down ADP _ 16 streamed compound:prt 18 in in ADP _ 19 torrents case 19 torrents torrent NOUN Number=Plur 16 streamed obl 20 . . PUNCT _ 4 was punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be past a dreadful storm there night vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 thunder past storm vn animal_sounds-38 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 lighten participle storm not said here vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient 4 stream down participle the rain torrents vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in torrent=Location
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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