lungfish Who acts: lungfish, that, pond, Australian lungfish, Scientists, animals · What happens: be, breathe, survive, dry up, bury, swim up · To what, where: freshwater fish, air, themselves, mud, lungs, rivers · Speech: someone speaks here
«lungfish» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: lungfish in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A lungfish is a freshwater fish that can breathe air with lungs as well as with gills.
The tree, 17 words det nsubj cop det compound nsubj aux parataxis obj case obl advmod fixed fixed case obl punct root A DET lungfish NOUN is AUX a DET freshwater NOUN fish NOUN that PRON can AUX breathe VERB air NOUN with ADP lungs NOUN as ADV well ADV as ADP with ADP gills NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 lungfish det 2 lungfish lungfish NOUN Number=Sing 6 fish nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 fish cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 fish det 5 freshwater freshwater NOUN Number=Sing 6 fish compound 6 fish fish NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 that that PRON PronType=Rel 9 breathe nsubj 8 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 9 breathe aux 9 breathe breathe VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 fish parataxis 10 air air NOUN Number=Sing 9 breathe obj 11 with with ADP _ 12 lungs case 12 lungs lung NOUN Number=Plur 9 breathe obl 13 as as ADV ExtPos=ADV 9 breathe advmod 14 well well ADV Degree=Pos 13 as fixed 15 as as ADP _ 13 as fixed 16 with with ADP _ 17 gills case 17 gills gill NOUN Number=Plur 9 breathe obl 18 . . PUNCT _ 6 fish punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a lungfish a freshwater fish tree rules 2 breathe can that air with lungs; with gills vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Some lungfish can survive when their pond dries up by burying themselves in mud and breathing air for months.
The tree, 19 words det nsubj aux mark nmod:poss nsubj advcl compound:prt mark advcl obj case obl cc conj obj case obl punct root Some DET lungfish NOUN can AUX survive VERB when SCONJ their PRON pond NOUN dries VERB up ADP by SCONJ burying VERB themselves PRON in ADP mud NOUN and CCONJ breathing VERB air NOUN for ADP months NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Some some DET PronType=Ind 2 lungfish det 2 lungfish lungfish NOUN Number=Sing 4 survive nsubj 3 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 survive aux 4 survive survive VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 when when SCONJ _ 8 dries mark 6 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 pond nmod:poss 7 pond pond NOUN Number=Sing 8 dries nsubj 8 dries dry VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 survive advcl 9 up up ADP _ 8 dries compound:prt 10 by by SCONJ _ 11 burying mark 11 burying bury VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 survive advcl 12 themselves themselves PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes 11 burying obj 13 in in ADP _ 14 mud case 14 mud mud NOUN Number=Sing 11 burying obl 15 and and CCONJ _ 16 breathing cc 16 breathing breathe VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 11 burying conj 17 air air NOUN Number=Sing 16 breathing obj 18 for for ADP _ 19 months case 19 months month NOUN Number=Plur 16 breathing obl 20 . . PUNCT _ 4 survive punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 survive can some lungfish vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 dry up present their pond vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 3 bury gerund some lungfish not said here themselves = they mud vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent themselves=Theme in mud=Destination 4 breathe gerund some lungfish not said here air month vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme
Example 1 The lungfish swims up to gulp air.
det nsubj compound:prt mark advcl obj punct root The DET lungfish NOUN swims VERB up ADP to PART gulp VERB air NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 lungfish det 2 lungfish lungfish NOUN Number=Sing 3 swims nsubj 3 swims swim VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 up up ADP _ 3 swims compound:prt 5 to to PART _ 6 gulp mark 6 gulp gulp VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 swims advcl 7 air air NOUN Number=Sing 6 gulp obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 swims punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swim up present the lungfish vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 gulp to-infinitive the lungfish not said here air vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Patient
Example 2 When the pond dries out, the lungfish hides in the mud.
mark det nsubj advcl compound:prt punct det nsubj case det obl punct root When SCONJ the DET pond NOUN dries VERB out ADP , PUNCT the DET lungfish NOUN hides VERB in ADP the DET mud NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 When when SCONJ _ 4 dries mark 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 pond det 3 pond pond NOUN Number=Sing 4 dries nsubj 4 dries dry VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 hides advcl 5 out out ADP _ 4 dries compound:prt 6 , , PUNCT _ 4 dries punct 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 lungfish det 8 lungfish lungfish NOUN Number=Sing 9 hides nsubj 9 hides hide VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 10 in in ADP _ 12 mud case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 mud det 12 mud mud NOUN Number=Sing 9 hides obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 9 hides punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 dry out present the pond vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 hide present the lungfish the mud vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in mud=Location
Example 3 Lungfish have lungs and gills.
nsubj obj cc conj punct root Lungfish NOUN have VERB lungs NOUN and CCONJ gills NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Lungfish lungfish NOUN Number=Plur 2 have nsubj 2 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 lungs lung NOUN Number=Plur 2 have obj 4 and and CCONJ _ 5 gills cc 5 gills gill NOUN Number=Plur 3 lungs conj 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Lungfish lungs and gills vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lung=Patient
Example 4 The Australian lungfish lives in rivers in Queensland.
det amod nsubj case obl case nmod punct root The DET Australian ADJ lungfish NOUN lives VERB in ADP rivers NOUN in ADP Queensland PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 lungfish det 2 Australian Australian ADJ Degree=Pos 3 lungfish amod 3 lungfish lungfish NOUN Number=Sing 4 lives nsubj 4 lives live VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 in in ADP _ 6 rivers case 6 rivers river NOUN Number=Plur 4 lives obl 7 in in ADP _ 8 Queensland case 8 Queensland Queensland PROPN Number=Sing 6 rivers nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 lives punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 live present the Australian lungfish rivers in Queensland vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in river=Location
Example 5 A lungfish can live for many years.
det nsubj aux case amod obl punct root A DET lungfish NOUN can AUX live VERB for ADP many ADJ years NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 lungfish det 2 lungfish lungfish NOUN Number=Sing 4 live nsubj 3 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 live aux 4 live live VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 for for ADP _ 7 years case 6 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 7 years amod 7 years year NOUN Number=Plur 4 live obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 live punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 live can a lungfish year vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 6 Scientists study lungfish to learn how animals moved onto land.
nsubj obj mark advcl advmod nsubj ccomp case obl punct root Scientists NOUN study VERB lungfish NOUN to PART learn VERB how ADV animals NOUN moved VERB onto ADP land NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Scientists scientist NOUN Number=Plur 2 study nsubj 2 study study VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 lungfish lungfish NOUN Number=Sing 2 study obj 4 to to PART _ 5 learn mark 5 learn learn VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 study advcl 6 how how ADV PronType=Int 8 moved advmod 7 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 8 moved nsubj 8 moved move VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 learn ccomp 9 onto onto ADP _ 10 land case 10 land land NOUN Number=Sing 8 moved obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 study punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 study present Scientists lungfish vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lungfish=Topic 2 learn to-infinitive Scientists not said here vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 move past animals land vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme onto land=Trajectory
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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