midge Who acts: midge, that, midges, Highland midge, cloud, Swallows · What happens: fly, be, bite, hover, cloud, swoop · To what, where: tiny flying insect, clouds, Scotland, people, lake, midges
«midge» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: midge in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A midge is a tiny flying insect, a bit like a very small fly or mosquito, that often flies in clouds near water.
The tree, 23 words det nsubj cop det amod amod punct det obl:unmarked case det advmod amod nmod cc conj punct nsubj advmod conj case obl case nmod punct root A DET midge NOUN is AUX a DET tiny ADJ flying VERB insect NOUN , PUNCT a DET bit NOUN like ADP a DET very ADV small ADJ fly NOUN or CCONJ mosquito NOUN , PUNCT that PRON often ADV flies VERB in ADP clouds NOUN near ADP water NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 midge det 2 midge midge NOUN Number=Sing 7 insect nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 insect cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 insect det 5 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 7 insect amod 6 flying fly VERB VerbForm=Ger 7 insect amod 7 insect insect NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 , , PUNCT _ 10 bit punct 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 bit det 10 bit bit NOUN Number=Sing 7 insect obl:unmarked 11 like like ADP _ 15 fly case 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 fly det 13 very very ADV _ 14 small advmod 14 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 15 fly amod 15 fly fly NOUN Number=Sing 10 bit nmod 16 or or CCONJ _ 17 mosquito cc 17 mosquito mosquito NOUN Number=Sing 15 fly conj 18 , , PUNCT _ 21 flies punct 19 that that PRON PronType=Rel 21 flies nsubj 20 often often ADV _ 21 flies advmod 21 flies fly VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 insect conj 22 in in ADP _ 23 clouds case 23 clouds cloud NOUN Number=Plur 21 flies obl 24 near near ADP _ 25 water case 25 water water NOUN Number=Sing 23 clouds nmod 26 . . PUNCT _ 7 insect punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fly gerund vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 is a present a midge a tiny flying insect a bit like a small fly or mosquito obl:unmarked tree rules 3 fly present that clouds near water often property vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in cloud=Location
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Some midges bite, and in Scotland the Highland midge is famous for biting people on summer evenings.
The tree, 17 words det nsubj punct cc case obl det compound nsubj cop conj mark advcl obj case compound obl punct root Some DET midges NOUN bite VERB , PUNCT and CCONJ in ADP Scotland PROPN the DET Highland PROPN midge NOUN is AUX famous ADJ for SCONJ biting VERB people NOUN on ADP summer NOUN evenings NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Some some DET PronType=Ind 2 midges det 2 midges midge NOUN Number=Plur 3 bite nsubj 3 bite bite VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 , , PUNCT _ 12 famous punct 5 and and CCONJ _ 12 famous cc 6 in in ADP _ 7 Scotland case 7 Scotland Scotland PROPN Number=Sing 12 famous obl 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 midge det 9 Highland Highland PROPN Number=Sing 10 midge compound 10 midge midge NOUN Number=Sing 12 famous nsubj 11 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 famous cop 12 famous famous ADJ Degree=Pos 3 bite conj 13 for for SCONJ _ 14 biting mark 14 biting bite VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 12 famous advcl 15 people people NOUN Number=Plur 14 biting obj 16 on on ADP _ 18 evenings case 17 summer summer NOUN Number=Sing 18 evenings compound 18 evenings evening NOUN Number=Plur 14 biting obl 19 . . PUNCT _ 3 bite punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 bite present some midges vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent 2 is present the Highland midge Scotland famous property tree rules 3 bite gerund the Highland midge not said here people evening vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Patient
Example 1 A cloud of midges hovered over the lake.
det nsubj case nmod case det obl punct root A DET cloud NOUN of ADP midges NOUN hovered VERB over ADP the DET lake NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 cloud det 2 cloud cloud NOUN Number=Sing 5 hovered nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 4 midges case 4 midges midge NOUN Number=Plur 2 cloud nmod 5 hovered hover VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 over over ADP _ 8 lake case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 lake det 8 lake lake NOUN Number=Sing 5 hovered obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 hovered punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hover past a cloud of midges the lake vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over lake=Location 2 cloud midges nom cloud «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient
Example 2 The midges in Scotland were biting us all evening.
det nsubj case nmod aux obj det obl:unmarked punct root The DET midges NOUN in ADP Scotland PROPN were AUX biting VERB us PRON all DET evening NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 midges det 2 midges midge NOUN Number=Plur 6 biting nsubj 3 in in ADP _ 4 Scotland case 4 Scotland Scotland PROPN Number=Sing 2 midges nmod 5 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 biting aux 6 biting bite VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 7 us we PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 6 biting obj 8 all all DET PronType=Tot 9 evening det 9 evening evening NOUN Number=Sing 6 biting obl:unmarked 10 . . PUNCT _ 6 biting punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 bite past · progressive the midges in Scotland us evening vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Patient
Example 3 Swallows swooped to catch midges.
nsubj mark xcomp obj punct root Swallows NOUN swooped VERB to PART catch VERB midges NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Swallows swallow NOUN Number=Plur 2 swooped nsubj 2 swooped swoop VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 to to PART _ 4 catch mark 4 catch catch VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 swooped xcomp 5 midges midge NOUN Number=Plur 4 catch obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 swooped punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swoop past Swallows tree rules 2 catch to-infinitive Swallows not said here midges vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent midge=Theme
Example 4 Put on midge spray before we go camping.
case compound obl mark nsubj advcl xcomp punct root Put VERB on ADP midge NOUN spray NOUN before SCONJ we PRON go VERB camping VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Put put VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 on on ADP _ 4 spray case 3 midge midge NOUN Number=Sing 4 spray compound 4 spray spray NOUN Number=Sing 1 Put obl 5 before before SCONJ _ 7 go mark 6 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 7 go nsubj 7 go go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 Put advcl 8 camping camp VERB VerbForm=Ger 7 go xcomp 9 . . PUNCT _ 1 Put punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 put imperative you not said here midge spray vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent on spray=Destination 2 go present we vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 camp gerund we not said here vn odge-46-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme
Example 5 I've got midge bites all over my arms.
nsubj aux nsubj obj advmod case nmod:poss obj punct root I PRON 've AUX got VERB midge NOUN bites VERB all ADV over ADP my PRON arms NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 got nsubj 2 've have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 got aux 3 got get VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 5 bites nsubj 4 midge midge NOUN Number=Sing 3 got obj 5 bites bite VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 all all ADV _ 9 arms advmod 7 over over ADP _ 9 arms case 8 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 arms nmod:poss 9 arms arm NOUN Number=Plur 5 bites obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 bites punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 get present · perfect I midge vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer midge=Stimulus 2 bite present my arms vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent arm=Patient
Example 6 Midges are so small they can get through some mosquito nets.
nsubj cop advmod nsubj aux parataxis case det compound obl punct root Midges NOUN are AUX so ADV small ADJ they PRON can AUX get VERB through ADP some DET mosquito NOUN nets NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Midges midge NOUN Number=Plur 4 small nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 small cop 3 so so ADV _ 4 small advmod 4 small small ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 get nsubj 6 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 7 get aux 7 get get VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 small parataxis 8 through through ADP _ 11 nets case 9 some some DET PronType=Ind 11 nets det 10 mosquito mosquito NOUN Number=Sing 11 nets compound 11 nets net NOUN Number=Plur 7 get obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 4 small punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Midges small property tree rules 2 get can Midges = midge some mosquito nets vn escape-51.1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme through net=Destination
Example 7 In the evening, when the sun is getting low, and all the midges are beginning to bite, Peter saw a wide heath stretching before him.
The tree, 25 words case det obl punct advmod det nsubj aux xcomp punct cc det:predet det nsubj aux conj mark xcomp punct nsubj conj det amod obj acl case obl punct root In ADP the DET evening NOUN , PUNCT when ADV the DET sun NOUN is AUX getting VERB low ADJ , PUNCT and CCONJ all DET the DET midges NOUN are AUX beginning VERB to PART bite VERB , PUNCT Peter PROPN saw VERB a DET wide ADJ heath NOUN stretching VERB before ADP him PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 evening case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 evening det 3 evening evening NOUN Number=Sing 9 getting obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 evening punct 5 when when ADV PronType=Int 9 getting advmod 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 sun det 7 sun sun NOUN Number=Sing 9 getting nsubj 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 getting aux 9 getting get VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 10 low low ADJ Degree=Pos 9 getting xcomp 11 , , PUNCT _ 17 beginning punct 12 and and CCONJ _ 17 beginning cc 13 all all DET PronType=Tot 15 midges det:predet 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 midges det 15 midges midge NOUN Number=Plur 17 beginning nsubj 16 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 17 beginning aux 17 beginning begin VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 9 getting conj 18 to to PART _ 19 bite mark 19 bite bite VERB VerbForm=Inf 17 beginning xcomp 20 , , PUNCT _ 22 saw punct 21 Peter Peter PROPN Number=Sing 22 saw nsubj 22 saw see VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 getting conj 23 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 25 heath det 24 wide wide ADJ Degree=Pos 25 heath amod 25 heath heath NOUN Number=Sing 22 saw obj 26 stretching stretch VERB VerbForm=Ger 25 heath acl 27 before before ADP _ 28 him case 28 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 26 stretching obl 29 . . PUNCT _ 9 getting punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 get present · progressive the sun evening low property vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer 2 begin present · progressive all midges vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality 3 bite to-infinitive all midges not said here vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent 4 see past Peter a wide heath vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer heath=Stimulus 5 stretch gerund a wide heath not said here before Peter vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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