mutation Who acts: mutation, living thing, most mutations, some, few, Mutations · What happens: be, cause, make, give, happen, copy · To what, where: change, genes, new feature, difference, form, extra toes
«mutation» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: mutation in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A mutation is a change in the genes (DNA) of a living thing, which can cause a new feature; most mutations make no difference, some are harmful, a few are helpful.
The tree, 31 words det nsubj cop det case det nmod punct conj punct case det compound nmod punct nsubj aux acl:relcl det amod obj punct amod nsubj parataxis det obj punct nsubj cop conj punct det nsubj cop conj punct root A DET mutation NOUN is AUX a DET change NOUN in ADP the DET genes NOUN ( PUNCT DNA NOUN ) PUNCT of ADP a DET living NOUN thing NOUN , PUNCT which PRON can AUX cause VERB a DET new ADJ feature NOUN ; PUNCT most ADJ mutations NOUN make VERB no DET difference NOUN , PUNCT some DET are AUX harmful ADJ , PUNCT a DET few ADJ are AUX helpful ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 mutation det 2 mutation mutation NOUN Number=Sing 5 change nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 change cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 change det 5 change change NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 in in ADP _ 8 genes case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 genes det 8 genes gene NOUN Number=Plur 5 change nmod 9 ( ( PUNCT _ 10 DNA punct 10 DNA DNA NOUN Number=Sing 8 genes conj 11 ) ) PUNCT _ 10 DNA punct 12 of of ADP _ 15 thing case 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 thing det 14 living living NOUN Number=Sing 15 thing compound 15 thing thing NOUN Number=Sing 10 DNA nmod 16 , , PUNCT _ 19 cause punct 17 which which PRON PronType=Rel 19 cause nsubj 18 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 19 cause aux 19 cause cause VERB VerbForm=Inf 15 thing acl:relcl 20 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 22 feature det 21 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 22 feature amod 22 feature feature NOUN Number=Sing 19 cause obj 23 ; ; PUNCT _ 26 make punct 24 most most ADJ Degree=Sup 25 mutations amod 25 mutations mutation NOUN Number=Plur 26 make nsubj 26 make make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 change parataxis 27 no no DET PronType=Neg 28 difference det 28 difference difference NOUN Number=Sing 26 make obj 29 , , PUNCT _ 32 harmful punct 30 some some DET PronType=Ind 32 harmful nsubj 31 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 32 harmful cop 32 harmful harmful ADJ Degree=Pos 26 make conj 33 , , PUNCT _ 37 helpful punct 34 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 35 few det 35 few few ADJ Degree=Pos 37 helpful nsubj 36 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 37 helpful cop 37 helpful helpful ADJ Degree=Pos 32 harmful conj 38 . . PUNCT _ 5 change punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a mutation a change the genes and DNA of a living thing tree rules 2 cause can a living thing a new feature vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition feature=Patient 3 make present most mutations no difference vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset difference=Product 4 is present some harmful property tree rules 5 is present a few helpful property tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A mutation is any change in form, a change from one shape or kind into another.
The tree, 16 words det nsubj cop det case nmod punct det nmod case nummod nmod cc conj case nmod punct root A DET mutation NOUN is AUX any DET change NOUN in ADP form NOUN , PUNCT a DET change NOUN from ADP one NUM shape NOUN or CCONJ kind NOUN into ADP another DET . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 mutation det 2 mutation mutation NOUN Number=Sing 5 change nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 change cop 4 any any DET PronType=Ind 5 change det 5 change change NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 in in ADP _ 7 form case 7 form form NOUN Number=Sing 5 change nmod 8 , , PUNCT _ 10 change punct 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 change det 10 change change NOUN Number=Sing 5 change nmod 11 from from ADP _ 13 shape case 12 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 13 shape nummod 13 shape shape NOUN Number=Sing 10 change nmod 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 kind cc 15 kind kind NOUN Number=Sing 13 shape conj 16 into into ADP _ 17 another case 17 another another DET PronType=Ind 10 change nmod 18 . . PUNCT _ 5 change punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a mutation any change form a change from one shape or kind into another nmod tree rules
Meaning 3 In some languages like Welsh and Irish, a mutation is a change to the first sound of a word.
The tree, 19 words case det case nmod cc conj punct det nsubj cop det appos case det amod nmod case det nmod punct root In ADP some DET languages NOUN like ADP Welsh PROPN and CCONJ Irish ADJ , PUNCT a DET mutation NOUN is AUX a DET change NOUN to ADP the DET first ADJ sound NOUN of ADP a DET word NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 languages case 2 some some DET PronType=Ind 3 languages det 3 languages language NOUN Number=Plur root root 4 like like ADP _ 5 Welsh case 5 Welsh Welsh PROPN Number=Sing 3 languages nmod 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 Irish cc 7 Irish Irish ADJ Degree=Pos 5 Welsh conj 8 , , PUNCT _ 13 change punct 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 mutation det 10 mutation mutation NOUN Number=Sing 13 change nsubj 11 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 change cop 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 change det 13 change change NOUN Number=Sing 5 Welsh appos 14 to to ADP _ 17 sound case 15 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 17 sound det 16 first first ADJ Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 17 sound amod 17 sound sound NOUN Number=Sing 13 change nmod 18 of of ADP _ 20 word case 19 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 20 word det 20 word word NOUN Number=Sing 17 sound nmod 21 . . PUNCT _ 3 languages punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a mutation a change to the first sound of a word tree rules
Example 1 A mutation in its genes gave the cat extra toes.
det nsubj case nmod:poss nmod det obj amod obj punct root A DET mutation NOUN in ADP its PRON genes NOUN gave VERB the DET cat NOUN extra ADJ toes NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 mutation det 2 mutation mutation NOUN Number=Sing 6 gave nsubj 3 in in ADP _ 5 genes case 4 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 genes nmod:poss 5 genes gene NOUN Number=Plur 2 mutation nmod 6 gave give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 cat det 8 cat cat NOUN Number=Sing 6 gave obj 9 extra extra ADJ Degree=Pos 10 toes amod 10 toes toe NOUN Number=Plur 6 gave obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 gave punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give past a mutation in mutation's genes extra toes the cat vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent cat=Recipient toe=Theme
Example 2 Mutations happen by chance when DNA is copied.
nsubj case obl advmod nsubj:pass aux:pass advcl punct root Mutations NOUN happen VERB by ADP chance NOUN when ADV DNA NOUN is AUX copied VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Mutations mutation NOUN Number=Plur 2 happen nsubj 2 happen happen VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 by by ADP _ 4 chance case 4 chance chance NOUN Number=Sing 2 happen obl 5 when when ADV PronType=Int 8 copied advmod 6 DNA DNA NOUN Number=Sing 8 copied nsubj:pass 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 copied aux:pass 8 copied copy VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 happen advcl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 happen punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 happen present Mutations by chance vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme by chance=Location 2 copy present · passive DNA vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
Example 3 Most mutations are neither good nor bad.
amod nsubj cop advmod cc conj punct root Most ADJ mutations NOUN are AUX neither ADV good ADJ nor CCONJ bad ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Most most ADJ Degree=Sup 2 mutations amod 2 mutations mutation NOUN Number=Plur 5 good nsubj 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 good cop 4 neither neither ADV _ 5 good advmod 5 good good ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 nor nor CCONJ Polarity=Neg 7 bad cc 7 bad bad ADJ Degree=Pos 5 good conj 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 good punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Most mutations good, neither property tree rules 2 be Most mutations not said here tree rules
Example 4 The virus developed a mutation that helped it spread.
det nsubj det obj nsubj acl:relcl obj xcomp punct root The DET virus NOUN developed VERB a DET mutation NOUN that PRON helped VERB it PRON spread VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 virus det 2 virus virus NOUN Number=Sing 3 developed nsubj 3 developed develop VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 mutation det 5 mutation mutation NOUN Number=Sing 3 developed obj 6 that that PRON PronType=Rel 7 helped nsubj 7 helped help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 mutation acl:relcl 8 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 helped obj 9 spread spread VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 helped xcomp 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 developed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 develop past the virus a mutation vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mutation=Product 2 help past a mutation mutation vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent it=Beneficiary clause=Theme 3 spread infinitive mutation not said here vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 5 In the comic, a mutation gave the boy super strength.
case det obl punct det nsubj det iobj advmod obj punct root In ADP the DET comic NOUN , PUNCT a DET mutation NOUN gave VERB the DET boy NOUN super ADV strength NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 comic case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 comic det 3 comic comic NOUN Number=Sing 7 gave obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 comic punct 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 mutation det 6 mutation mutation NOUN Number=Sing 7 gave nsubj 7 gave give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 boy det 9 boy boy NOUN Number=Sing 7 gave iobj 10 super super ADV _ 11 strength advmod 11 strength strength NOUN Number=Sing 7 gave obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 7 gave punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give past a mutation strength the boy the comic vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent boy=Recipient strength=Theme
Example 6 A helpful mutation can spread through a population over time.
det amod nsubj aux case det obl case obl punct root A DET helpful ADJ mutation NOUN can AUX spread VERB through ADP a DET population NOUN over ADP time NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 mutation det 2 helpful helpful ADJ Degree=Pos 3 mutation amod 3 mutation mutation NOUN Number=Sing 5 spread nsubj 4 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 spread aux 5 spread spread VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 through through ADP _ 8 population case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 population det 8 population population NOUN Number=Sing 5 spread obl 9 over over ADP _ 10 time case 10 time time NOUN Number=Sing 5 spread obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 5 spread punct
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1 spread can a helpful mutation a population time vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through population=Location
Example 7 Welsh has mutations, so «cath» (cat) can become «gath».
The tree, 9 words nsubj obj punct advmod punct nsubj punct punct appos punct aux conj punct xcomp punct punct root Welsh PROPN has VERB mutations NOUN , PUNCT so ADV « PUNCT cath NOUN » PUNCT ( PUNCT cat NOUN ) PUNCT can AUX become VERB « PUNCT gath NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Welsh Welsh PROPN Number=Sing 2 has nsubj 2 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 mutations mutation NOUN Number=Plur 2 has obj 4 , , PUNCT _ 13 become punct 5 so so ADV _ 13 become advmod 6 « « PUNCT _ 7 cath punct 7 cath cath NOUN Number=Sing 13 become nsubj 8 » » PUNCT _ 7 cath punct 9 ( ( PUNCT _ 10 cat punct 10 cat cat NOUN Number=Sing 7 cath appos 11 ) ) PUNCT _ 10 cat punct 12 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 13 become aux 13 become become VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 has conj 14 « « PUNCT _ 15 gath punct 15 gath gath NOUN Number=Sing 13 become xcomp 16 » » PUNCT _ 15 gath punct 17 . . PUNCT _ 2 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Welsh mutations vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mutation=Patient 2 become can cath gath vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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