nightingale Who acts: nightingale, Florence, Victorian times, English nurse, Nightingales, soldiers · What happens: be, sing, make, help, start, call · To what, where: small brown bird, beautiful loud varied song, English nurse, hospitals, modern nursing, Florence · Speech: someone speaks here
«nightingale» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: nightingale in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A nightingale is a small brown bird famous for its beautiful, loud, varied song, which it often sings at night as well as in the day.
The tree, 26 words det nsubj cop det amod amod amod case nmod:poss amod punct amod punct amod obl punct obj nsubj advmod conj case obl cc fixed fixed case det obl punct root A DET nightingale NOUN is AUX a DET small ADJ brown ADJ bird NOUN famous ADJ for ADP its PRON beautiful ADJ , PUNCT loud ADJ , PUNCT varied ADJ song NOUN , PUNCT which PRON it PRON often ADV sings VERB at ADP night NOUN as ADV well ADV as ADP in ADP the DET day NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 nightingale det 2 nightingale nightingale NOUN Number=Sing 7 bird nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 bird cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 bird det 5 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 7 bird amod 6 brown brown ADJ Degree=Pos 7 bird amod 7 bird bird NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 famous famous ADJ Degree=Pos 7 bird amod 9 for for ADP _ 16 song case 10 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 16 song nmod:poss 11 beautiful beautiful ADJ Degree=Pos 16 song amod 12 , , PUNCT _ 11 beautiful punct 13 loud loud ADJ Degree=Pos 16 song amod 14 , , PUNCT _ 13 loud punct 15 varied varied ADJ Degree=Pos 16 song amod 16 song song NOUN Number=Sing 8 famous obl 17 , , PUNCT _ 21 sings punct 18 which which PRON PronType=Rel 21 sings obj 19 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 21 sings nsubj 20 often often ADV _ 21 sings advmod 21 sings sing VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 song conj 22 at at ADP _ 23 night case 23 night night NOUN Number=Sing 21 sings obl 24 as as ADV ExtPos=CCONJ 29 day cc 25 well well ADV Degree=Pos 24 as fixed 26 as as ADP _ 24 as fixed 27 in in ADP _ 29 day case 28 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 29 day det 29 day day NOUN Number=Sing 21 sings obl 30 . . PUNCT _ 7 bird punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a nightingale a small brown bird tree rules 2 sing speech: express present nightingale nightingale's beautiful loud varied song day; night often property vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location which=Theme 3 sing nightingale nom song «communication intransitive»: poss=agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: a name — kept apart, not parsed.
Florence Nightingale was an English nurse in Victorian times who made hospitals cleaner and helped start modern nursing; she was called «the Lady with the Lamp».
The tree, 26 words nsubj flat cop det amod case amod nmod nsubj acl:relcl obj xcomp cc conj xcomp amod obj punct nsubj:pass aux:pass acl punct det xcomp case det nmod punct punct root Florence PROPN Nightingale PROPN was AUX an DET English ADJ nurse NOUN in ADP Victorian ADJ times NOUN who PRON made VERB hospitals NOUN cleaner ADJ and CCONJ helped VERB start VERB modern ADJ nursing NOUN ; PUNCT she PRON was AUX called VERB « PUNCT the DET Lady PROPN with ADP the DET Lamp NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Florence Florence PROPN Number=Sing 6 nurse nsubj 2 Nightingale Nightingale PROPN Number=Sing 1 Florence flat 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 nurse cop 4 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 nurse det 5 English English ADJ Degree=Pos 6 nurse amod 6 nurse nurse NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 in in ADP _ 9 times case 8 Victorian victorian ADJ Degree=Pos 9 times amod 9 times time NOUN Number=Plur 6 nurse nmod 10 who who PRON PronType=Rel 11 made nsubj 11 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 times acl:relcl 12 hospitals hospital NOUN Number=Plur 11 made obj 13 cleaner clean ADJ Degree=Cmp 11 made xcomp 14 and and CCONJ _ 15 helped cc 15 helped help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 11 made conj 16 start start VERB VerbForm=Inf 15 helped xcomp 17 modern modern ADJ Degree=Pos 18 nursing amod 18 nursing nursing NOUN Number=Sing 16 start obj 19 ; ; PUNCT _ 22 called punct 20 she she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 22 called nsubj:pass 21 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 22 called aux:pass 22 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 nurse acl 23 « « PUNCT _ 25 Lady punct 24 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 25 Lady det 25 Lady Lady PROPN Number=Sing 22 called xcomp 26 with with ADP _ 28 Lamp case 27 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 28 Lamp det 28 Lamp lamp NOUN Number=Sing 25 Lady nmod 29 » » PUNCT _ 25 Lady punct 30 . . PUNCT _ 6 nurse punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past Florence a English nurse time tree rules 2 make past Victorian times hospitals clean property vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hospital=Product 3 help past Victorian times not said here vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 4 start infinitive Victorian times not said here modern nursing vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nursing=Eventuality 5 call past · passive a English nurse not said here Florence vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient
Example 1 A nightingale sang in the bushes all night.
det nsubj case det obl det obl:unmarked punct root A DET nightingale NOUN sang VERB in ADP the DET bushes NOUN all DET night NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 nightingale det 2 nightingale nightingale NOUN Number=Sing 3 sang nsubj 3 sang sing VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 in in ADP _ 6 bushes case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 bushes det 6 bushes bush NOUN Number=Plur 3 sang obl 7 all all DET PronType=Tot 8 night det 8 night night NOUN Number=Sing 3 sang obl:unmarked 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 sang punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express past a nightingale the bushes night vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in bush=Location
Example 2 Nightingales are plain brown but sing beautifully.
nsubj cop amod cc conj advmod punct root Nightingales NOUN are AUX plain ADJ brown ADJ but CCONJ sing VERB beautifully ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Nightingales nightingale NOUN Number=Plur 4 brown nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 brown cop 3 plain plain ADJ Degree=Pos 4 brown amod 4 brown brown ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 but but CCONJ _ 6 sing cc 6 sing sing VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 brown conj 7 beautifully beautifully ADV _ 6 sing advmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 brown punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Nightingales brown property tree rules 2 sing speech: express present Nightingales not said here beautifully property vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 3 Florence Nightingale carried a lamp on her night rounds.
nsubj flat det obj case nmod:poss compound obl punct root Florence PROPN Nightingale PROPN carried VERB a DET lamp NOUN on ADP her PRON night NOUN rounds NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Florence Florence PROPN Number=Sing 3 carried nsubj 2 Nightingale Nightingale PROPN Number=Sing 1 Florence flat 3 carried carry VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 lamp det 5 lamp lamp NOUN Number=Sing 3 carried obj 6 on on ADP _ 9 rounds case 7 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 rounds nmod:poss 8 night night NOUN Number=Sing 9 rounds compound 9 rounds round NOUN Number=Plur 3 carried obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 carried punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 carry past Florence a lamp Florence's night rounds vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lamp=Theme
Example 4 Florence Nightingale used diagrams to show why soldiers were dying.
nsubj flat obj mark advcl advmod nsubj aux ccomp punct root Florence PROPN Nightingale PROPN used VERB diagrams NOUN to PART show VERB why ADV soldiers NOUN were AUX dying VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Florence Florence PROPN Number=Sing 3 used nsubj 2 Nightingale Nightingale PROPN Number=Sing 1 Florence flat 3 used use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 diagrams diagram NOUN Number=Plur 3 used obj 5 to to PART _ 6 show mark 6 show show VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 used advcl 7 why why ADV PronType=Int 10 dying advmod 8 soldiers soldier NOUN Number=Plur 10 dying nsubj 9 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 10 dying aux 10 dying die VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 6 show ccomp 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use past Florence diagrams vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent diagram=Patient 2 show to-infinitive Florence not said here vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 die past · progressive soldiers vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute
Example 5 The poet wrote an ode to a nightingale.
det nsubj det obj case det obl punct root The DET poet NOUN wrote VERB an DET ode NOUN to ADP a DET nightingale NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 poet det 2 poet poet NOUN Number=Sing 3 wrote nsubj 3 wrote write VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 ode det 5 ode ode NOUN Number=Sing 3 wrote obj 6 to to ADP _ 8 nightingale case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 nightingale det 8 nightingale nightingale NOUN Number=Sing 3 wrote obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 wrote punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 write past the poet a ode a nightingale vn say-37.7-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent ode=Topic to nightingale=Recipient
Example 6 Nightingales fly to Africa for the winter.
nsubj case obl case det obl punct root Nightingales NOUN fly VERB to ADP Africa PROPN for ADP the DET winter NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Nightingales nightingale NOUN Number=Plur 2 fly nsubj 2 fly fly VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 to to ADP _ 4 Africa case 4 Africa Africa PROPN Number=Sing 2 fly obl 5 for for ADP _ 7 winter case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 winter det 7 winter winter NOUN Number=Sing 2 fly obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 fly punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fly present Nightingales Africa winter vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to africa=Result
Example 7 Her singing voice is like a nightingale's.
nmod:poss compound nsubj cop case det case punct root Her PRON singing NOUN voice NOUN is AUX like ADP a DET nightingale NOUN 's PART . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 voice nmod:poss 2 singing singing NOUN Number=Sing 3 voice compound 3 voice voice NOUN Number=Sing 7 nightingale nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 nightingale cop 5 like like ADP _ 7 nightingale case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 nightingale det 7 nightingale nightingale NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 's 's PART _ 7 nightingale case 9 . . PUNCT _ 7 nightingale punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Her singing voice like a nightingale tree rules
Example 8 Then the Nightingale began to sing.
advmod det nsubj mark xcomp punct root Then ADV the DET Nightingale PROPN began VERB to PART sing VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Then then ADV PronType=Dem 4 began advmod 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 Nightingale det 3 Nightingale Nightingale PROPN Number=Sing 4 began nsubj 4 began begin VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 to to PART _ 6 sing mark 6 sing sing VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 began xcomp 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 began punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 begin past the Nightingale then vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality 2 sing speech: express to-infinitive the Nightingale not said here vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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