orthography Who acts: Orthography, letters, English orthography, Spanish orthography, Noah Webster, Learning · What happens: be, write, stand, sound, have, use · To what, where: system, language, rules, correct spelling, many silent letters, Cyrillic alphabet · Speech: someone speaks here
«orthography» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: orthography in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Orthography is the system of spelling and writing a language: which letters stand for which sounds, and rules for capital letters, hyphens and punctuation.
The tree, 24 words nsubj cop det case nmod cc conj det obj punct det nsubj parataxis mark nsubj advcl punct cc obl case compound nmod punct conj cc conj punct root Orthography NOUN is AUX the DET system NOUN of ADP spelling NOUN and CCONJ writing VERB a DET language NOUN : PUNCT which DET letters NOUN stand VERB for SCONJ which PRON sounds VERB , PUNCT and CCONJ rules NOUN for ADP capital NOUN letters NOUN , PUNCT hyphens NOUN and CCONJ punctuation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Orthography orthography NOUN Number=Sing 4 system nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 system cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 system det 4 system system NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 of of ADP _ 6 spelling case 6 spelling spelling NOUN Number=Sing 4 system nmod 7 and and CCONJ _ 8 writing cc 8 writing write VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 system conj 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 language det 10 language language NOUN Number=Sing 8 writing obj 11 : : PUNCT _ 14 stand punct 12 which which DET PronType=Int 13 letters det 13 letters letter NOUN Number=Plur 14 stand nsubj 14 stand stand VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 system parataxis 15 for for SCONJ _ 17 sounds mark 16 which which PRON PronType=Rel 17 sounds nsubj 17 sounds sound VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 stand advcl 18 , , PUNCT _ 20 rules punct 19 and and CCONJ _ 20 rules cc 20 rules rule NOUN Number=Plur 14 stand obl 21 for for ADP _ 23 letters case 22 capital capital NOUN Number=Sing 23 letters compound 23 letters letter NOUN Number=Plur 20 rules nmod 24 , , PUNCT _ 25 hyphens punct 25 hyphens hyphen NOUN Number=Plur 23 letters conj 26 and and CCONJ _ 27 punctuation cc 27 punctuation punctuation NOUN Number=Sing 23 letters conj 28 . . PUNCT _ 4 system punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Orthography the system of spelling tree rules 2 write gerund Orthography not said here a language vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Theme 3 stand present which letters rules for capital letters and hyphens and punctuation vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 sound present vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Orthography is correct spelling.
nsubj cop amod punct root Orthography NOUN is AUX correct ADJ spelling NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Orthography orthography NOUN Number=Sing 4 spelling nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 spelling cop 3 correct correct ADJ Degree=Pos 4 spelling amod 4 spelling spelling NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 . . PUNCT _ 4 spelling punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Orthography correct spelling tree rules
Example 1 English orthography has many silent letters, like the «k» in «knee».
The tree, 11 words amod nsubj amod amod obj punct case det punct appos punct case punct nmod punct punct root English ADJ orthography NOUN has VERB many ADJ silent ADJ letters NOUN , PUNCT like ADP the DET « PUNCT k NOUN » PUNCT in ADP « PUNCT knee NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 English English ADJ Degree=Pos 2 orthography amod 2 orthography orthography NOUN Number=Sing 3 has nsubj 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 6 letters amod 5 silent silent ADJ Degree=Pos 6 letters amod 6 letters letter NOUN Number=Plur 3 has obj 7 , , PUNCT _ 11 k punct 8 like like ADP _ 11 k case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 k det 10 « « PUNCT _ 11 k punct 11 k k NOUN Number=Sing 6 letters appos 12 » » PUNCT _ 11 k punct 13 in in ADP _ 15 knee case 14 « « PUNCT _ 15 knee punct 15 knee knee NOUN Number=Sing 11 k nmod 16 » » PUNCT _ 11 k punct 17 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present English orthography many silent letters vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent letter=Patient
Example 2 Spanish orthography is more regular than English.
amod nsubj cop advmod case obl punct root Spanish ADJ orthography NOUN is AUX more ADV regular ADJ than ADP English PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Spanish Spanish ADJ Degree=Pos 2 orthography amod 2 orthography orthography NOUN Number=Sing 5 regular nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 regular cop 4 more more ADV Degree=Cmp 5 regular advmod 5 regular regular ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 than than ADP _ 7 English case 7 English English PROPN Number=Sing 5 regular obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 regular punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Spanish orthography than English; regular property tree rules
Example 3 The orthography of Ukrainian uses the Cyrillic alphabet.
det nsubj case nmod det amod obj punct root The DET orthography NOUN of ADP Ukrainian PROPN uses VERB the DET Cyrillic ADJ alphabet NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 orthography det 2 orthography orthography NOUN Number=Sing 5 uses nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 4 Ukrainian case 4 Ukrainian Ukrainian PROPN Number=Sing 2 orthography nmod 5 uses use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 alphabet det 7 Cyrillic cyrillic ADJ Degree=Pos 8 alphabet amod 8 alphabet alphabet NOUN Number=Sing 5 uses obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 uses punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present the orthography of Ukrainian the Cyrillic alphabet vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent alphabet=Patient
Example 4 Noah Webster changed American orthography, writing «color» instead of «colour».
The tree, 10 words compound nsubj amod obj punct advcl punct obj punct advmod case punct obl punct punct root Noah PROPN Webster NOUN changed VERB American ADJ orthography NOUN , PUNCT writing VERB « PUNCT color NOUN » PUNCT instead ADV of ADP « PUNCT colour NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Noah Noah PROPN Number=Sing 2 Webster compound 2 Webster webster NOUN Number=Sing 3 changed nsubj 3 changed change VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 American American ADJ Degree=Pos 5 orthography amod 5 orthography orthography NOUN Number=Sing 3 changed obj 6 , , PUNCT _ 7 writing punct 7 writing write VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 changed advcl 8 « « PUNCT _ 9 color punct 9 color color NOUN Number=Sing 7 writing obj 10 » » PUNCT _ 9 color punct 11 instead instead ADV _ 14 colour advmod 12 of of ADP _ 14 colour case 13 « « PUNCT _ 14 colour punct 14 colour colour NOUN Number=Sing 7 writing obl 15 » » PUNCT _ 14 colour punct 16 . . PUNCT _ 3 changed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 change past Noah Webster American orthography vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent orthography=Patient 2 write gerund Noah Webster not said here color of colour vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent color=Theme
Example 5 Learning orthography means learning the spelling rules.
csubj obj xcomp det compound obj punct root Learning VERB orthography NOUN means VERB learning VERB the DET spelling NOUN rules NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Learning learn VERB VerbForm=Ger 3 means csubj 2 orthography orthography NOUN Number=Sing 1 Learning obj 3 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 learning learn VERB VerbForm=Ger 3 means xcomp 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 rules det 6 spelling spelling NOUN Number=Sing 7 rules compound 7 rules rule NOUN Number=Plur 4 learning obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn gerund orthography vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent orthography=Topic 2 mean present Learning vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 learn not said to happen gerund Learning not said here the spelling rules vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Topic
Example 6 Old books show a different orthography, like «olde shoppe».
amod nsubj det amod obj punct case punct compound appos punct punct root Old ADJ books NOUN show VERB a DET different ADJ orthography NOUN , PUNCT like ADP « PUNCT olde NOUN shoppe NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Old old ADJ Degree=Pos 2 books amod 2 books book NOUN Number=Plur 3 show nsubj 3 show show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 orthography det 5 different different ADJ Degree=Pos 6 orthography amod 6 orthography orthography NOUN Number=Sing 3 show obj 7 , , PUNCT _ 11 shoppe punct 8 like like ADP _ 11 shoppe case 9 « « PUNCT _ 11 shoppe punct 10 olde olde NOUN Number=Sing 11 shoppe compound 11 shoppe shoppe NOUN Number=Sing 6 orthography appos 12 » » PUNCT _ 11 shoppe punct 13 . . PUNCT _ 3 show punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show present Old books a different orthography vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent orthography=Recipient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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