past Who acts: past, time, past three, It, bus, she · What happens: be, go, mean, walk, tell, come · To what, where: time, shop, 3:30, 8, 60 pages, 5 houses · Speech: someone speaks here
«past» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: past in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 The past is time that has gone, before now.
det nsubj cop nsubj aux acl:relcl punct case advmod punct root The DET past NOUN is AUX time NOUN that PRON has AUX gone VERB , PUNCT before ADP now ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 past det 2 past past NOUN Number=Sing 4 time nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 time cop 4 time time NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 that that PRON PronType=Rel 7 gone nsubj 6 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 gone aux 7 gone go VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 4 time acl:relcl 8 , , PUNCT _ 10 now punct 9 before before ADP _ 10 now case 10 now now ADV PronType=Dem 7 gone advmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 4 time punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present the past time tree rules 2 go present · perfect time vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Past (preposition) means going by something: he walked past the shop.
The tree, 11 words nsubj punct appos punct xcomp case obl punct nsubj conj case det obl punct root Past NOUN ( PUNCT preposition NOUN ) PUNCT means VERB going VERB by ADP something PRON : PUNCT he PRON walked VERB past ADP the DET shop NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Past past NOUN Number=Sing 5 means nsubj 2 ( ( PUNCT _ 3 preposition punct 3 preposition preposition NOUN Number=Sing 1 Past appos 4 ) ) PUNCT _ 3 preposition punct 5 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 going go VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 means xcomp 7 by by ADP _ 8 something case 8 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 6 going obl 9 : : PUNCT _ 11 walked punct 10 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 walked nsubj 11 walked walk VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 means conj 12 past past ADP _ 14 shop case 13 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 14 shop det 14 shop shop NOUN Number=Sing 11 walked obl 15 . . PUNCT _ 5 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Past vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 go not said to happen gerund Past not said here by something vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme by something=Location 3 walk past Past the shop vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme past shop=Trajectory
Meaning 3 In telling time, past means after the hour: «Half past three» is 3:30.
The tree, 13 words mark csubj obj punct nsubj case det obl punct punct det:predet amod nsubj punct cop parataxis punct root In SCONJ telling VERB time NOUN , PUNCT past NOUN means VERB after ADP the DET hour NOUN : PUNCT « PUNCT Half DET past ADJ three NUM » PUNCT is AUX 3:30 NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in SCONJ _ 2 telling mark 2 telling tell VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 means csubj 3 time time NOUN Number=Sing 2 telling obj 4 , , PUNCT _ 2 telling punct 5 past past NOUN Number=Sing 6 means nsubj 6 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 after after ADP _ 9 hour case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 hour det 9 hour hour NOUN Number=Sing 6 means obl 10 : : PUNCT _ 14 three punct 11 « « PUNCT _ 14 three punct 12 Half half DET NumForm=Word NumType=Frac PronType=Ind 14 three det:predet 13 past past ADJ Degree=Pos 14 three amod 14 three three NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 17 3:30 nsubj 15 » » PUNCT _ 14 three punct 16 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 17 3:30 cop 17 3:30 3:30 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 6 means parataxis 18 . . PUNCT _ 6 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 tell speech: assert gerund time vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 mean present past hour vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 3 is a present half past three 3:30 tree rules
Meaning 4 Past (adjective) means just gone: the past week.
nsubj punct appos punct aux advmod punct det amod obl:unmarked punct root Past NOUN ( PUNCT adjective NOUN ) PUNCT means VERB just ADV gone VERB : PUNCT the DET past ADJ week NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Past past NOUN Number=Sing 7 gone nsubj 2 ( ( PUNCT _ 3 adjective punct 3 adjective adjective NOUN Number=Sing 1 Past appos 4 ) ) PUNCT _ 3 adjective punct 5 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 gone aux 6 just just ADV _ 7 gone advmod 7 gone go VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 8 : : PUNCT _ 7 gone punct 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 week det 10 past past ADJ Degree=Pos 11 week amod 11 week week NOUN Number=Sing 7 gone obl:unmarked 12 . . PUNCT _ 7 gone punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go present Past week vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Meaning 5 Past also means beyond: past midnight, past the bridge.
nsubj advmod obj punct case obl punct case det conj punct root Past PROPN also ADV means VERB beyond ADP : PUNCT past ADP midnight NOUN , PUNCT past ADP the DET bridge NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Past Past PROPN Number=Sing 3 means nsubj 2 also also ADV _ 3 means advmod 3 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 beyond beyond ADP _ 3 means obj 5 : : PUNCT _ 7 midnight punct 6 past past ADP _ 7 midnight case 7 midnight midnight NOUN Number=Sing 3 means obl 8 , , PUNCT _ 11 bridge punct 9 past past ADP _ 11 bridge case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 bridge det 11 bridge bridge NOUN Number=Sing 7 midnight conj 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Past midnight vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent beyond=Topic
Example 1 It is half past 2.
nsubj cop advmod case punct root It PRON is AUX half ADV past ADP 2 NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 2 nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 2 cop 3 half half ADV NumForm=Word NumType=Frac 5 2 advmod 4 past past ADP _ 5 2 case 5 2 2 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card root root 6 . . PUNCT _ 5 2 punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present It past 2; half property tree rules
Example 2 The bus came 20 minutes past 8.
det nsubj nummod obl:unmarked case obl punct root The DET bus NOUN came VERB 20 NUM minutes NOUN past ADP 8 NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 bus det 2 bus bus NOUN Number=Sing 3 came nsubj 3 came come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 20 20 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 minutes nummod 5 minutes minute NOUN Number=Plur 3 came obl:unmarked 6 past past ADP _ 7 8 case 7 8 8 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 3 came obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 came punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 come past the bus 8 minute vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme past 8=Initial_Location
Example 3 In the past 3 days she read 60 pages.
case det compound flat obl nsubj nummod obj punct root In ADP the DET past NOUN 3 NUM days NOUN she PRON read VERB 60 NUM pages NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 5 days case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 days det 3 past past NOUN Number=Sing 5 days compound 4 3 3 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 3 past flat 5 days day NOUN Number=Plur 7 read obl 6 she she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 read nsubj 7 read read VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 60 60 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 9 pages nummod 9 pages page NOUN Number=Plur 7 read obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 7 read punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 read past she 60 pages day vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent page=Topic
Example 4 He walked past 5 houses.
nsubj advmod nummod obj punct root He PRON walked VERB past ADV 5 NUM houses NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 walked nsubj 2 walked walk VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 past past ADV _ 4 5 advmod 4 5 5 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 houses nummod 5 houses house NOUN Number=Plur 2 walked obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 walked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 walk past He 5 houses vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme house=Trajectory
Example 5 In the past, people wrote with feather pens.
case det obl punct nsubj case compound obl punct root In ADP the DET past NOUN , PUNCT people NOUN wrote VERB with ADP feather NOUN pens NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 past case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 past det 3 past past NOUN Number=Sing 6 wrote obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 past punct 5 people people NOUN Number=Plur 6 wrote nsubj 6 wrote write VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 with with ADP _ 9 pens case 8 feather feather NOUN Number=Sing 9 pens compound 9 pens pen NOUN Number=Plur 6 wrote obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 6 wrote punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 write past people the past with feather pens vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in past=Destination
Example 6 It's past your bedtime!
nsubj cop case nmod:poss punct root It PRON 's AUX past ADP your PRON bedtime NOUN ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 bedtime nsubj 2 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 bedtime cop 3 past past ADP _ 5 bedtime case 4 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 bedtime nmod:poss 5 bedtime bedtime NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 ! ! PUNCT _ 5 bedtime punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present It past your bedtime tree rules
Example 7 «Ran» is the past tense of «run».
punct nsubj punct cop det amod mark punct acl punct punct root « PUNCT Ran PROPN » PUNCT is AUX the DET past ADJ tense NOUN of SCONJ « PUNCT run VERB » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Ran punct 2 Ran Ran PROPN Number=Sing 7 tense nsubj 3 » » PUNCT _ 2 Ran punct 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 tense cop 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 tense det 6 past past ADJ Degree=Pos 7 tense amod 7 tense tense NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 of of SCONJ _ 10 run mark 9 « « PUNCT _ 10 run punct 10 run run VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 tense acl 11 » » PUNCT _ 10 run punct 12 . . PUNCT _ 7 tense punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Ran the past tense tree rules 2 run in a quote infinitive the past tense not said here vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 8 Quarter past ten is 10:15.
compound nsubj flat cop punct root Quarter NOUN past NOUN ten NUM is AUX 10:15 NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Quarter quarter NOUN Number=Sing 2 past compound 2 past past NOUN Number=Sing 5 10:15 nsubj 3 ten ten NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 2 past flat 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 10:15 cop 5 10:15 10:15 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card root root 6 . . PUNCT _ 5 10:15 punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Quarter past 10:15 tree rules
Example 9 Go past the church and turn left.
case det obl cc conj advmod punct root Go VERB past ADP the DET church NOUN and CCONJ turn VERB left ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Go go VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 past past ADP _ 4 church case 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 church det 4 church church NOUN Number=Sing 1 Go obl 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 turn cc 6 turn turn VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 1 Go conj 7 left left ADV _ 6 turn advmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 1 Go punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go imperative you not said here the church vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme past church=Initial_Location 2 turn infinitive you not said here left property vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
Example 10 Suddenly there rode past another horseman.
advmod advmod case det obl punct root Suddenly ADV there ADV rode VERB past ADP another DET horseman NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Suddenly suddenly ADV _ 3 rode advmod 2 there there ADV PronType=Dem 3 rode advmod 3 rode ride VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 past past ADP _ 6 horseman case 5 another another DET PronType=Ind 6 horseman det 6 horseman horseman NOUN Number=Sing 3 rode obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 rode punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 ride past another horseman; there suddenly property vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent past horseman=Trajectory
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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