pasteurisation Who acts: Pasteurisation, French scientist, Louis, tiny microbes, food, Most milk · What happens: heat, kill, cool, name, show, make · To what, where: milk, harmful germs, temperature, It, food, disease · Speech: someone speaks here
«pasteurisation» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: pasteurisation in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Pasteurisation is heating milk, juice or other food to a set temperature for a short time to kill harmful germs, then cooling it quickly.
The tree, 24 words nsubj aux obj punct conj cc amod conj case det amod obl case det amod nmod mark acl amod obj punct advmod conj obj advmod punct root Pasteurisation PROPN is AUX heating VERB milk NOUN , PUNCT juice NOUN or CCONJ other ADJ food NOUN to ADP a DET set ADJ temperature NOUN for ADP a DET short ADJ time NOUN to PART kill VERB harmful ADJ germs NOUN , PUNCT then ADV cooling VERB it PRON quickly ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Pasteurisation Pasteurisation PROPN Number=Sing 3 heating nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 heating aux 3 heating heat VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 milk milk NOUN Number=Sing 3 heating obj 5 , , PUNCT _ 6 juice punct 6 juice juice NOUN Number=Sing 4 milk conj 7 or or CCONJ _ 9 food cc 8 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 9 food amod 9 food food NOUN Number=Sing 4 milk conj 10 to to ADP _ 13 temperature case 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 temperature det 12 set set ADJ Degree=Pos 13 temperature amod 13 temperature temperature NOUN Number=Sing 3 heating obl 14 for for ADP _ 17 time case 15 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 17 time det 16 short short ADJ Degree=Pos 17 time amod 17 time time NOUN Number=Sing 13 temperature nmod 18 to to PART _ 19 kill mark 19 kill kill VERB VerbForm=Inf 17 time acl 20 harmful harmful ADJ Degree=Pos 21 germs amod 21 germs germ NOUN Number=Plur 19 kill obj 22 , , PUNCT _ 24 cooling punct 23 then then ADV PronType=Dem 24 cooling advmod 24 cooling cool VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 heating conj 25 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 24 cooling obj 26 quickly quickly ADV _ 24 cooling advmod 27 . . PUNCT _ 3 heating punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 heat present · progressive Pasteurisation milk and juice or other food to a set temperature for a short time result vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent milk=Patient to temperature=Result 2 kill to-infinitive Pasteurisation not said here harmful germs vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent germ=Theme 3 cool gerund Pasteurisation not said here temperature then quickly property vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 It is named after the French scientist Louis Pasteur, who showed that tiny microbes make food go bad and cause disease.
The tree, 21 words nsubj:pass aux:pass case det amod obl:agent appos flat punct nsubj acl:relcl mark amod nsubj ccomp obj xcomp xcomp cc conj obj punct root It PRON is AUX named VERB after ADP the DET French ADJ scientist NOUN Louis PROPN Pasteur PROPN , PUNCT who PRON showed VERB that SCONJ tiny ADJ microbes NOUN make VERB food NOUN go VERB bad ADJ and CCONJ cause VERB disease NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 named nsubj:pass 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 named aux:pass 3 named name VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 after after ADP _ 7 scientist case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 scientist det 6 French French ADJ Degree=Pos 7 scientist amod 7 scientist scientist NOUN Number=Sing 3 named obl:agent 8 Louis Louis PROPN Number=Sing 7 scientist appos 9 Pasteur Pasteur PROPN Number=Sing 8 Louis flat 10 , , PUNCT _ 12 showed punct 11 who who PRON PronType=Rel 12 showed nsubj 12 showed show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 8 Louis acl:relcl 13 that that SCONJ _ 16 make mark 14 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 15 microbes amod 15 microbes microbe NOUN Number=Plur 16 make nsubj 16 make make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 showed ccomp 17 food food NOUN Number=Sing 16 make obj 18 go go VERB VerbForm=Inf 16 make xcomp 19 bad bad ADJ Degree=Pos 18 go xcomp 20 and and CCONJ _ 21 cause cc 21 cause cause VERB VerbForm=Inf 18 go conj 22 disease disease NOUN Number=Sing 21 cause obj 23 . . PUNCT _ 3 named punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 name present · passive the French scientist It vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme 2 show past Louis vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 make present tiny microbes food tree rules 4 go infinitive food not said here bad property vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 5 cause infinitive food not said here disease vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition disease=Patient
Example 1 Pasteurisation kills harmful bacteria in milk.
nsubj amod obj case obl punct root Pasteurisation PROPN kills VERB harmful ADJ bacteria NOUN in ADP milk NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Pasteurisation Pasteurisation PROPN Number=Sing 2 kills nsubj 2 kills kill VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 harmful harmful ADJ Degree=Pos 4 bacteria amod 4 bacteria bacterium NOUN Number=Plur 2 kills obj 5 in in ADP _ 6 milk case 6 milk milk NOUN Number=Sing 2 kills obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 kills punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 kill present Pasteurisation harmful bacteria milk vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacterium=Theme
Example 2 Most milk in shops has gone through pasteurisation.
amod nsubj case nmod aux case obl punct root Most ADJ milk NOUN in ADP shops NOUN has AUX gone VERB through ADP pasteurisation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Most most ADJ Degree=Sup 2 milk amod 2 milk milk NOUN Number=Sing 6 gone nsubj 3 in in ADP _ 4 shops case 4 shops shop NOUN Number=Plur 2 milk nmod 5 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 gone aux 6 gone go VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 7 through through ADP _ 8 pasteurisation case 8 pasteurisation pasteurisation NOUN Number=Sing 6 gone obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 6 gone punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go present · perfect Most milk in shops pasteurisation vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme through pasteurisation=Initial_Location
Example 3 Louis Pasteur discovered the idea behind pasteurisation.
nsubj flat det obj case obl punct root Louis PROPN Pasteur PROPN discovered VERB the DET idea NOUN behind ADP pasteurisation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Louis Louis PROPN Number=Sing 3 discovered nsubj 2 Pasteur Pasteur PROPN Number=Sing 1 Louis flat 3 discovered discover VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 idea det 5 idea idea NOUN Number=Sing 3 discovered obj 6 behind behind ADP _ 7 pasteurisation case 7 pasteurisation pasteurisation NOUN Number=Sing 3 discovered obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 discovered punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 discover past Louis the idea pasteurisation vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent idea=Topic
Example 4 Pasteurised juice keeps longer than freshly squeezed juice.
amod nsubj advmod case advmod amod obl punct root Pasteurised VERB juice NOUN keeps VERB longer ADV than ADP freshly ADV squeezed VERB juice NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Pasteurised pasteuris VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 juice amod 2 juice juice NOUN Number=Sing 3 keeps nsubj 3 keeps keep VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 longer long ADV Degree=Cmp 3 keeps advmod 5 than than ADP _ 8 juice case 6 freshly freshly ADV _ 7 squeezed advmod 7 squeezed squeeze VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 8 juice amod 8 juice juice NOUN Number=Sing 4 longer obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 keeps punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 pasteuris participle tree rules 2 keep present Pasteurised juice long property vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 3 squeeze participle freshly property vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
Example 5 Pregnant women are often told to avoid unpasteurised cheese.
amod nsubj:pass aux:pass advmod mark xcomp amod obj punct root Pregnant ADJ women NOUN are AUX often ADV told VERB to PART avoid VERB unpasteurised VERB cheese NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Pregnant pregnant ADJ Degree=Pos 2 women amod 2 women woman NOUN Number=Plur 5 told nsubj:pass 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 told aux:pass 4 often often ADV _ 5 told advmod 5 told tell VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 6 to to PART _ 7 avoid mark 7 avoid avoid VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 told xcomp 8 unpasteurised unpasteuris VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 9 cheese amod 9 cheese cheese NOUN Number=Sing 7 avoid obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 told punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 tell speech: assert present · passive Pregnant women often property vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic 2 avoid not said to happen to-infinitive Pregnant women not said here unpasteurised cheese vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent cheese=Location 3 unpasteuris participle tree rules
Example 6 In one common method, milk is heated to about 72 °C for 15 seconds.
The tree, 15 words case nummod amod obl punct nsubj:pass aux:pass case advmod obl compound nmod:unmarked case nummod obl punct root In ADP one NUM common ADJ method NOUN , PUNCT milk NOUN is AUX heated VERB to ADP about ADV 72 NUM ° SYM C NOUN for ADP 15 NUM seconds NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 4 method case 2 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 4 method nummod 3 common common ADJ Degree=Pos 4 method amod 4 method method NOUN Number=Sing 8 heated obl 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 method punct 6 milk milk NOUN Number=Sing 8 heated nsubj:pass 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 heated aux:pass 8 heated heat VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 9 to to ADP _ 11 72 case 10 about about ADV _ 11 72 advmod 11 72 72 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 8 heated obl 12 ° ° SYM _ 13 C compound 13 C c NOUN Number=Sing 11 72 nmod:unmarked 14 for for ADP _ 16 seconds case 15 15 15 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 16 seconds nummod 16 seconds second NOUN Number=Plur 8 heated obl 17 . . PUNCT _ 8 heated punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 heat present · passive milk second to 72 ° C result ; in one common method vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP PP.result PP.instrument»: subject=Patient in method=Instrument to 72=Result
Example 7 Our science poster showed the steps of pasteurisation.
nmod:poss compound nsubj det obj case nmod punct root Our PRON science NOUN poster NOUN showed VERB the DET steps NOUN of ADP pasteurisation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 poster nmod:poss 2 science science NOUN Number=Sing 3 poster compound 3 poster poster NOUN Number=Sing 4 showed nsubj 4 showed show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 steps det 6 steps step NOUN Number=Plur 4 showed obj 7 of of ADP _ 8 pasteurisation case 8 pasteurisation pasteurisation NOUN Number=Sing 6 steps nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 showed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show past Our science poster the steps of pasteurisation vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent step=Recipient 2 post Our nom poster «communication transitive»: poss=agent 3 step pasteurisation nom step «act transitive»: of=patient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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