penny Who acts: penny, 1 cent, He, many pennies, She, sweet · What happens: be, make, mean, drop, understand, have · To what, where: coin, 1 cent, 1 p, Britain, 1 pound, money · Speech: someone speaks here
«penny» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: penny in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A penny is a coin. In the US and Canada a penny is 1 cent; in Britain a penny is 1p and 100 pence make 1 pound.
Sentence 1: A penny is a coin.
det nsubj cop det punct root A DET penny NOUN is AUX a DET coin NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 penny det 2 penny penny NOUN Number=Sing 5 coin nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 coin cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 coin det 5 coin coin NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 . . PUNCT _ 5 coin punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a penny a coin tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: In the US and Canada a penny is 1 cent; in Britain a penny is 1p and 100 pence make 1 pound.
The tree, 23 words case det obl cc conj det nsubj cop nummod nsubj punct case obl det nsubj cop nummod conj cc nummod conj nummod obj punct root In ADP the DET US PROPN and CCONJ Canada PROPN a DET penny NOUN is AUX 1 NUM cent NOUN ; PUNCT in ADP Britain PROPN a DET penny NOUN is AUX 1 NUM p NOUN and CCONJ 100 NUM pence NOUN make VERB 1 NUM pound NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 US case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 US det 3 US US PROPN Number=Sing 10 cent obl 4 and and CCONJ _ 5 Canada cc 5 Canada Canada PROPN Number=Sing 3 US conj 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 penny det 7 penny penny NOUN Number=Sing 10 cent nsubj 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 cent cop 9 1 1 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 10 cent nummod 10 cent cent NOUN Number=Sing 22 make nsubj 11 ; ; PUNCT _ 18 p punct 12 in in ADP _ 13 Britain case 13 Britain Britain PROPN Number=Sing 18 p obl 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 penny det 15 penny penny NOUN Number=Sing 18 p nsubj 16 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 18 p cop 17 1 1 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 18 p nummod 18 p p NOUN Number=Sing 10 cent conj 19 and and CCONJ _ 21 pence cc 20 100 100 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 21 pence nummod 21 pence pence NOUN Number=Plur 18 p conj 22 make make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 23 1 1 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 24 pound nummod 24 pound pound NOUN Number=Sing 22 make obj 25 . . PUNCT _ 22 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a penny 1 cent and 1 p and 100 pence in the US and Canada tree rules 2 is a present a penny 1 p and 100 pence Britain tree rules 3 make present 1 cent and 1 p and 100 pence 1 pound vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset pound=Product
Meaning 2 «Not a penny» means no money at all.
punct advmod det nsubj punct det obj case nmod punct root « PUNCT Not PART a DET penny NOUN » PUNCT means VERB no DET money NOUN at ADP all DET . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 4 penny punct 2 Not not PART Polarity=Neg 4 penny advmod 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 penny det 4 penny penny NOUN Number=Sing 6 means nsubj 5 » » PUNCT _ 4 penny punct 6 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 no no DET PronType=Neg 8 money det 8 money money NOUN Number=Sing 6 means obj 9 at at ADP _ 10 all case 10 all all DET PronType=Tot 8 money nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present a penny no money all vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Topic
Meaning 3 «The penny dropped» means someone finally understood.
punct det nsubj acl punct obj advmod acl:relcl punct root « PUNCT The DET penny NOUN dropped VERB » PUNCT means VERB someone PRON finally ADV understood VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 6 means punct 2 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 penny det 3 penny penny NOUN Number=Sing 6 means nsubj 4 dropped drop VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 penny acl 5 » » PUNCT _ 4 dropped punct 6 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 6 means obj 8 finally finally ADV _ 9 understood advmod 9 understood understand VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 someone acl:relcl 10 . . PUNCT _ 6 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 drop in a quote participle the penny not said here vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme 2 mean present the penny someone vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent someone=Topic 3 understand past finally property vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
Example 1 He has 25 pennies.
nsubj nummod obj punct root He PRON has VERB 25 NUM pennies NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 has nsubj 2 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 25 25 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 4 pennies nummod 4 pennies penny NOUN Number=Plur 2 has obj 5 . . PUNCT _ 2 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present He 25 pennies vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent penny=Patient
Example 2 How many pennies make a dime?
advmod amod nsubj det obj punct root How ADV many ADJ pennies NOUN make VERB a DET dime NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 How how ADV PronType=Int 2 many advmod 2 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 3 pennies amod 3 pennies penny NOUN Number=Plur 4 make nsubj 4 make make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 dime det 6 dime dime NOUN Number=Sing 4 make obj 7 ? ? PUNCT _ 4 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make present many pennies a dime vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset dime=Product
Example 3 She saved 50 pennies.
nsubj nummod obj punct root She PRON saved VERB 50 NUM pennies NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 saved nsubj 2 saved save VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 50 50 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 4 pennies nummod 4 pennies penny NOUN Number=Plur 2 saved obj 5 . . PUNCT _ 2 saved punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 save past She 50 pennies vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent penny=Theme
Example 4 Each sweet costs 5 pence.
det nsubj nummod obj punct root Each DET sweet NOUN costs VERB 5 NUM pence NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Each each DET PronType=Tot 2 sweet det 2 sweet sweet NOUN Number=Sing 3 costs nsubj 3 costs cost VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 5 5 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 pence nummod 5 pence pence NOUN Number=Plur 3 costs obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 costs punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cost present each sweet 5 pence vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme pence=Value
Example 5 A hundred pennies make one dollar.
det nummod nsubj nummod obj punct root A DET hundred NUM pennies NOUN make VERB one NUM dollar NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 pennies det 2 hundred hundred NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 3 pennies nummod 3 pennies penny NOUN Number=Plur 4 make nsubj 4 make make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 6 dollar nummod 6 dollar dollar NOUN Number=Sing 4 make obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make present a hundred pennies one dollar vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset dollar=Product
Example 6 He didn't have a penny left.
nsubj aux advmod det obj xcomp punct root He PRON did AUX n't PART have VERB a DET penny NOUN left VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 have nsubj 2 did do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 have aux 3 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 4 have advmod 4 have have VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 penny det 6 penny penny NOUN Number=Sing 4 have obj 7 left leave VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 have xcomp 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not have past · do-support He a penny tree rules 2 leave participle a penny not said here vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 7 After a minute, the penny dropped and she laughed.
case det obl punct det nsubj cc nsubj conj punct root After ADP a DET minute NOUN , PUNCT the DET penny NOUN dropped VERB and CCONJ she PRON laughed VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 After after ADP _ 3 minute case 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 minute det 3 minute minute NOUN Number=Sing 7 dropped obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 minute punct 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 penny det 6 penny penny NOUN Number=Sing 7 dropped nsubj 7 dropped drop VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 and and CCONJ _ 10 laughed cc 9 she she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 laughed nsubj 10 laughed laugh VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 dropped conj 11 . . PUNCT _ 7 dropped punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 drop past the penny minute vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme 2 laugh past penny vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 8 A penny for your thoughts?
det case nmod:poss nmod punct root A DET penny NOUN for ADP your PRON thoughts NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 penny det 2 penny penny NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 for for ADP _ 5 thoughts case 4 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 thoughts nmod:poss 5 thoughts thought NOUN Number=Plur 2 penny nmod 6 ? ? PUNCT _ 2 penny punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 think your nom thought «cognition transitive»: poss=agent
Example 9 But I have only fifty pennies.
cc nsubj advmod nummod obj punct root But CCONJ I PRON have VERB only ADV fifty NUM pennies NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 But but CCONJ _ 3 have cc 2 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 have nsubj 3 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 only only ADV _ 5 fifty advmod 5 fifty fifty NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 6 pennies nummod 6 pennies penny NOUN Number=Plur 3 have obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present I fifty pennies vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent penny=Patient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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