perforation

Who acts: hole, you, Stamps, Toilet paper, doctor, perforation · What happens: make, tear off, not have, perforate, tear, have · To what, where: small hole, paper, hole, one, coupon, tiny perforations · Speech: someone speaks here

«perforation» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: perforation in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

A small hole, or one of a line of small holes, made in paper so it can be torn off neatly.

The tree, 21 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 hole	det
2	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 hole	amod
3	hole	hole	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 torn	nsubj:pass
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 one	punct
5	or	or	CCONJ	_	6 one	cc
6	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	3 hole	appos
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 line	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 line	det
9	line	line	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 one	nmod
10	of	of	ADP	_	12 holes	case
11	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 holes	amod
12	holes	hole	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 line	nmod
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 made	punct
14	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 hole	acl
15	in	in	ADP	_	16 paper	case
16	paper	paper	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 made	obl
17	so	so	SCONJ	_	18 it	case
18	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 made	obl
19	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	21 torn	aux
20	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	21 torn	aux:pass
21	torn	tear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
22	off	off	ADP	_	21 torn	compound:prt
23	neatly	neatly	ADV	_	21 torn	advmod
24	.	.	PUNCT	_	21 torn	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	participle		a small hole not said here		paper		so hole	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset
2	tear off	can · passive		a small hole				neatly property	vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

A hole made through something.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 hole	det
2	hole	hole	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 hole	acl
4	through	through	ADP	_	5 something	case
5	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	3 made	obl:agent
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 hole	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	participle		a hole not said here					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset

Meaning 3

Usage: medicine — kept apart, not parsed.

A hole in a part of the body that should not have one, such as a perforated eardrum.

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 hole	det
2	hole	hole	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 part	case
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 part	det
5	part	part	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 hole	nmod
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 body	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 body	det
8	body	body	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 part	nmod
9	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	12 have	nsubj
10	should	should	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	12 have	aux
11	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	12 have	advmod
12	have	have	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 hole	acl:relcl
13	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	12 have	obj
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 eardrum	punct
15	such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP	19 eardrum	case
16	as	as	ADP	_	15 such	fixed
17	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	19 eardrum	det
18	perforated	perforate	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	19 eardrum	amod
19	eardrum	eardrum	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 hole	conj
20	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 hole	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not have	should	a hole in a part of the body and a perforated eardrum	one					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Patient
2	perforate	participle							vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient

Example 1

Tear the coupon along the perforation.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Tear	tear	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 coupon	det
3	coupon	coupon	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Tear	obj
4	along	along	ADP	_	6 perforation	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 perforation	det
6	perforation	perforation	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Tear	obl
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Tear	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	tear	imperative	you not said here	the coupon				along the perforation	vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location coupon=Theme

Example 2

Stamps have tiny perforations around their edges.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Stamps	stamp	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	nsubj
2	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 perforations	amod
4	perforations	perforation	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	obj
5	around	around	ADP	_	7 edges	case
6	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	7 edges	nmod:poss
7	edges	edge	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 perforations	nmod
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 have	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Stamps	tiny perforations		Stamps's edges			vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent perforation=Patient

Example 3

Toilet paper has perforations so you can tear one sheet.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Toilet	toilet	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 paper	compound
2	paper	paper	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 has	nsubj
3	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	perforations	perforation	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 has	obj
5	so	so	SCONJ	_	8 tear	mark
6	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	8 tear	nsubj
7	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	8 tear	aux
8	tear	tear	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 has	advcl
9	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	10 sheet	nummod
10	sheet	sheet	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 tear	obj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 has	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Toilet paper	perforations					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent perforation=Patient
2	tear	can	you	one sheet					vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location sheet=Theme

Example 4

The doctor said he had a small perforation in his eardrum.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 doctor	det
2	doctor	doctor	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 said	nsubj
3	said	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 had	nsubj
5	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 said	ccomp
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 perforation	det
7	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 perforation	amod
8	perforation	perforation	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 had	obj
9	in	in	ADP	_	11 eardrum	case
10	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	11 eardrum	nmod:poss
11	eardrum	eardrum	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 perforation	nmod
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 said	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	past	the doctor						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	have	past	doctor	a small perforation		doctor's eardrum			vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent perforation=Patient

Example 5

Draw a dotted line to show where the perforation goes.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Draw	draw	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 line	det
3	dotted	dot	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 line	amod
4	line	line	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Draw	obj
5	to	to	PART	_	6 show	mark
6	show	show	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	1 Draw	advcl
7	where	where	ADV	PronType=Rel	10 goes	advmod
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 perforation	det
9	perforation	perforation	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 goes	nsubj
10	goes	go	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 show	ccomp
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Draw	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	draw	imperative	you not said here	a dotted line	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent line=Theme
2	dot	participle			vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme
3	show	to-infinitive	you not said here		vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
4	go	present	the perforation		vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 6

The metal sheet was full of perforations to let air through.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 sheet	det
2	metal	metal	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 sheet	compound
3	sheet	sheet	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 full	nsubj
4	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 full	cop
5	full	full	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 perforations	case
7	perforations	perforation	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 full	obl
8	to	to	PART	_	9 let	mark
9	let	let	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 full	advcl
10	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 let	obj
11	through	through	ADV	_	9 let	advmod
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 full	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	past	the metal sheet					of perforations; full property	tree rules
2	let	to-infinitive	the metal sheet not said here	air				through property	vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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