pheromone Who acts: pheromone, animal, I, Ants, bee, alarm pheromone · What happens: be, give off, send, follow, look, smell · To what, where: chemical, message, others, me, Pheromones, pheromone trail · Speech: someone speaks here
«pheromone» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: pheromone in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A pheromone is a chemical that an animal gives off to send a message to others of its own kind, such as «follow me», «danger» or «I am looking for a mate».
The tree, 32 words det nsubj cop det obj det nsubj acl:relcl compound:prt mark advcl det obj case obl case nmod:poss amod nmod punct mark fixed punct conj obj punct punct punct parataxis punct cc punct nsubj aux conj case det obl punct punct root A DET pheromone NOUN is AUX a DET chemical NOUN that PRON an DET animal NOUN gives VERB off ADP to PART send VERB a DET message NOUN to ADP others NOUN of ADP its PRON own ADJ kind NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP « PUNCT follow VERB me PRON » PUNCT , PUNCT « PUNCT danger NOUN » PUNCT or CCONJ « PUNCT I PRON am AUX looking VERB for ADP a DET mate NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 pheromone det 2 pheromone pheromone NOUN Number=Sing 5 chemical nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 chemical cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 chemical det 5 chemical chemical NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 that that PRON PronType=Rel 9 gives obj 7 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 animal det 8 animal animal NOUN Number=Sing 9 gives nsubj 9 gives give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 chemical acl:relcl 10 off off ADP _ 9 gives compound:prt 11 to to PART _ 12 send mark 12 send send VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 gives advcl 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 message det 14 message message NOUN Number=Sing 12 send obj 15 to to ADP _ 16 others case 16 others other NOUN Number=Plur 12 send obl 17 of of ADP _ 20 kind case 18 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 20 kind nmod:poss 19 own own ADJ Degree=Pos 20 kind amod 20 kind kind NOUN Number=Sing 16 others nmod 21 , , PUNCT _ 25 follow punct 22 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=SCONJ 25 follow mark 23 as as ADP _ 22 such fixed 24 « « PUNCT _ 25 follow punct 25 follow follow VERB VerbForm=Inf 20 kind conj 26 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 25 follow obj 27 » » PUNCT _ 25 follow punct 28 , , PUNCT _ 30 danger punct 29 « « PUNCT _ 30 danger punct 30 danger danger NOUN Number=Sing 25 follow parataxis 31 » » PUNCT _ 30 danger punct 32 or or CCONJ _ 36 looking cc 33 « « PUNCT _ 36 looking punct 34 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 36 looking nsubj 35 am be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 36 looking aux 36 looking look VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 30 danger conj 37 for for ADP _ 39 mate case 38 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 39 mate det 39 mate mate NOUN Number=Sing 36 looking obl 40 » » PUNCT _ 30 danger punct 41 . . PUNCT _ 5 chemical punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a pheromone a chemical tree rules 2 give off present a animal a chemical vn substance_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source that=Theme 3 send to-infinitive a animal not said here a message others of animal's own kind vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent message=Theme to other=Destination 4 follow in a quote infinitive a animal not said here me vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme 5 look in a quote present · progressive I for a mate vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent for mate=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Pheromones are smelled or tasted by the other animals, not seen or heard.
The tree, 13 words nsubj aux:pass cc conj case det amod obl punct advmod conj cc conj punct root Pheromones NOUN are AUX smelled VERB or CCONJ tasted VERB by ADP the DET other ADJ animals NOUN , PUNCT not PART seen VERB or CCONJ heard VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Pheromones pheromone NOUN Number=Plur 3 smelled nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 smelled aux:pass 3 smelled smell VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 or or CCONJ _ 5 tasted cc 5 tasted taste VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 smelled conj 6 by by ADP _ 9 animals case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 animals det 8 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 9 animals amod 9 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 5 tasted obl 10 , , PUNCT _ 12 seen punct 11 not not PART Polarity=Neg 12 seen advmod 12 seen see VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 smelled conj 13 or or CCONJ _ 14 heard cc 14 heard hear VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 12 seen conj 15 . . PUNCT _ 3 smelled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 smell present · passive Pheromones vn see-30.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus 2 taste participle by the other animals vn stalk-35.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent by animal=Location 3 not see participle vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer 4 hear participle vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer
Example 1 Ants follow a pheromone trail from the nest to the crumbs.
nsubj det compound obj case det obl case det obl punct root Ants NOUN follow VERB a DET pheromone NOUN trail NOUN from ADP the DET nest NOUN to ADP the DET crumbs NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Ants ant NOUN Number=Plur 2 follow nsubj 2 follow follow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 trail det 4 pheromone pheromone NOUN Number=Sing 5 trail compound 5 trail trail NOUN Number=Sing 2 follow obj 6 from from ADP _ 8 nest case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 nest det 8 nest nest NOUN Number=Sing 2 follow obl 9 to to ADP _ 11 crumbs case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 crumbs det 11 crumbs crumb NOUN Number=Plur 2 follow obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 follow punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 follow present Ants a pheromone trail the nest to the crumbs vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent trail=Theme from nest=Trajectory
Example 2 When a bee stings, it releases an alarm pheromone that warns other bees.
The tree, 13 words advmod det nsubj advcl punct nsubj det compound obj nsubj acl:relcl amod obj punct root When ADV a DET bee NOUN stings VERB , PUNCT it PRON releases VERB an DET alarm NOUN pheromone NOUN that PRON warns VERB other ADJ bees NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 When when ADV PronType=Int 4 stings advmod 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 bee det 3 bee bee NOUN Number=Sing 4 stings nsubj 4 stings sting VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 releases advcl 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 stings punct 6 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 releases nsubj 7 releases release VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 8 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 pheromone det 9 alarm alarm NOUN Number=Sing 10 pheromone compound 10 pheromone pheromone NOUN Number=Sing 7 releases obj 11 that that PRON PronType=Rel 12 warns nsubj 12 warns warn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 pheromone acl:relcl 13 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 14 bees amod 14 bees bee NOUN Number=Plur 12 warns obj 15 . . PUNCT _ 7 releases punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sting present a bee vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 2 release present bee a alarm pheromone vn free-10.6.3-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Causer pheromone=Source 3 warn speech: warn present a alarm pheromone other bees vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent bee=Recipient
Example 3 A male moth can smell a female's pheromone from a long way away.
The tree, 14 words det amod nsubj aux det nmod:poss case obj case det amod obl advmod punct root A DET male ADJ moth NOUN can AUX smell VERB a DET female NOUN 's PART pheromone NOUN from ADP a DET long ADJ way NOUN away ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 moth det 2 male male ADJ Degree=Pos 3 moth amod 3 moth moth NOUN Number=Sing 5 smell nsubj 4 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 smell aux 5 smell smell VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 female det 7 female female NOUN Number=Sing 9 pheromone nmod:poss 8 's 's PART _ 7 female case 9 pheromone pheromone NOUN Number=Sing 5 smell obj 10 from from ADP _ 13 way case 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 way det 12 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 13 way amod 13 way way NOUN Number=Sing 5 smell obl 14 away away ADV _ 5 smell advmod 15 . . PUNCT _ 5 smell punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 smell can a male moth a female's pheromone a long way away property vn see-30.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer pheromone=Stimulus
Example 4 Farmers hang pheromone traps to catch pests.
nsubj nsubj ccomp mark xcomp obj punct root Farmers NOUN hang VERB pheromone NOUN traps VERB to PART catch VERB pests NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Farmers farmer NOUN Number=Plur 2 hang nsubj 2 hang hang VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 pheromone pheromone NOUN Number=Sing 4 traps nsubj 4 traps trap VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 hang ccomp 5 to to PART _ 6 catch mark 6 catch catch VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 traps xcomp 7 pests pest NOUN Number=Plur 6 catch obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 hang punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hang present Farmers tree rules 2 trap present pheromone tree rules 3 catch to-infinitive pheromone not said here pests vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pest=Theme
Example 5 Wipe the ants' path with soapy water and the pheromone trail is broken.
The tree, 14 words det nmod:poss case obj case amod obl cc det compound nsubj:pass aux:pass conj punct root Wipe VERB the DET ants NOUN ' PART path NOUN with ADP soapy ADJ water NOUN and CCONJ the DET pheromone NOUN trail NOUN is AUX broken VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Wipe wipe VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 ants det 3 ants ant NOUN Number=Plur 5 path nmod:poss 4 ' 's PART _ 3 ants case 5 path path NOUN Number=Sing 1 Wipe obj 6 with with ADP _ 8 water case 7 soapy soapy ADJ Degree=Pos 8 water amod 8 water water NOUN Number=Sing 1 Wipe obl 9 and and CCONJ _ 14 broken cc 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 trail det 11 pheromone pheromone NOUN Number=Sing 12 trail compound 12 trail trail NOUN Number=Sing 14 broken nsubj:pass 13 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 broken aux:pass 14 broken break VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 1 Wipe conj 15 . . PUNCT _ 1 Wipe punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 wipe imperative you not said here the ants's path with soapy water vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent path=Source 2 break present · passive the pheromone trail vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
Example 6 Scientists study pheromones to learn how animals talk without words.
nsubj obj mark advcl advmod nsubj ccomp case obl punct root Scientists NOUN study VERB pheromones NOUN to PART learn VERB how ADV animals NOUN talk VERB without ADP words NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Scientists scientist NOUN Number=Plur 2 study nsubj 2 study study VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 pheromones pheromone NOUN Number=Plur 2 study obj 4 to to PART _ 5 learn mark 5 learn learn VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 study advcl 6 how how ADV PronType=Int 8 talk advmod 7 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 8 talk nsubj 8 talk talk VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 learn ccomp 9 without without ADP _ 10 words case 10 words word NOUN Number=Plur 8 talk obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 study punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 study present Scientists pheromones vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pheromone=Topic 2 learn to-infinitive Scientists not said here vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 talk present animals without words vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 7 Queen bees use pheromones to keep the hive working together.
compound nsubj obj mark advcl det obj xcomp advmod punct root Queen PROPN bees NOUN use VERB pheromones NOUN to PART keep VERB the DET hive NOUN working VERB together ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Queen Queen PROPN Number=Sing 2 bees compound 2 bees bee NOUN Number=Plur 3 use nsubj 3 use use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 pheromones pheromone NOUN Number=Plur 3 use obj 5 to to PART _ 6 keep mark 6 keep keep VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 use advcl 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 hive det 8 hive hive NOUN Number=Sing 6 keep obj 9 working work VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 keep xcomp 10 together together ADV _ 9 working advmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 use punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present Queen bees pheromones vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pheromone=Patient 2 keep to-infinitive Queen bees not said here the hive tree rules 3 work together gerund the hive not said here together property vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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