porcupine Who acts: porcupine, long sharp spines, large rodent, two main groups, dog, Porcupines · What happens: be, cover, call, protect, live, raise · To what, where: large rodent, quills, porcupine, bark, baby porcupine, tree · Speech: someone speaks here
«porcupine» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: porcupine in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A porcupine is a large rodent covered in long sharp spines called quills, which protect it from enemies.
The tree, 18 words det nsubj cop det amod acl case amod amod obl acl xcomp punct nsubj parataxis obj case obl punct root A DET porcupine NOUN is AUX a DET large ADJ rodent NOUN covered VERB in ADP long ADJ sharp ADJ spines NOUN called VERB quills NOUN , PUNCT which PRON protect VERB it PRON from ADP enemies NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 porcupine det 2 porcupine porcupine NOUN Number=Sing 6 rodent nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 rodent cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 rodent det 5 large large ADJ Degree=Pos 6 rodent amod 6 rodent rodent NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 covered cover VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 rodent acl 8 in in ADP _ 11 spines case 9 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 11 spines amod 10 sharp sharp ADJ Degree=Pos 11 spines amod 11 spines spine NOUN Number=Plur 7 covered obl 12 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 11 spines acl 13 quills quill NOUN Number=Plur 12 called xcomp 14 , , PUNCT _ 16 protect punct 15 which which PRON PronType=Rel 16 protect nsubj 16 protect protect VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 rodent parataxis 17 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 16 protect obj 18 from from ADP _ 19 enemies case 19 enemies enemy NOUN Number=Plur 16 protect obl 20 . . PUNCT _ 6 rodent punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a porcupine a large rodent tree rules 2 cover participle a large rodent not said here in long sharp spines vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent in spine=Theme 3 call participle long sharp spines not said here quills vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 protect present a large rodent porcupine from enemies vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent it=Beneficiary from enemy=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 There are two main groups: tree-climbing porcupines in the Americas and ground-living ones in Africa, Asia and southern Europe.
The tree, 21 words expl nummod amod nsubj punct compound punct compound nmod case det nmod cc compound punct amod conj case nmod punct conj cc amod conj punct root There PRON are VERB two NUM main ADJ groups NOUN : PUNCT tree NOUN - PUNCT climbing NOUN porcupines NOUN in ADP the DET Americas PROPN and CCONJ ground NOUN - PUNCT living VERB ones NOUN in ADP Africa PROPN , PUNCT Asia PROPN and CCONJ southern ADJ Europe PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 are expl 2 are be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 5 groups nummod 4 main main ADJ Degree=Pos 5 groups amod 5 groups group NOUN Number=Plur 2 are nsubj 6 : : PUNCT _ 10 porcupines punct 7 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 9 climbing compound 8 - - PUNCT _ 7 tree punct 9 climbing climbing NOUN Number=Sing 10 porcupines compound 10 porcupines porcupine NOUN Number=Plur 5 groups nmod 11 in in ADP _ 13 Americas case 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 Americas det 13 Americas AMERICAS PROPN Number=Plur 10 porcupines nmod 14 and and CCONJ _ 18 ones cc 15 ground ground NOUN Number=Sing 17 living compound 16 - - PUNCT _ 15 ground punct 17 living live VERB VerbForm=Ger 18 ones amod 18 ones one NOUN Number=Plur 10 porcupines conj 19 in in ADP _ 20 Africa case 20 Africa Africa PROPN Number=Sing 18 ones nmod 21 , , PUNCT _ 22 Asia punct 22 Asia Asia PROPN Number=Sing 20 Africa conj 23 and and CCONJ _ 25 Europe cc 24 southern southern ADJ Degree=Pos 25 Europe amod 25 Europe Europe PROPN Number=Sing 20 Africa conj 26 . . PUNCT _ 2 are punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 does present two main groups climbing porcupines in the Americas and living ones in Africa and Asia and southern Europe there vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 live gerund vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 1 A porcupine raises its quills when it feels scared.
det nsubj nmod:poss obj mark nsubj advcl xcomp punct root A DET porcupine NOUN raises VERB its PRON quills NOUN when SCONJ it PRON feels VERB scared ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 porcupine det 2 porcupine porcupine NOUN Number=Sing 3 raises nsubj 3 raises raise VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 quills nmod:poss 5 quills quill NOUN Number=Plur 3 raises obj 6 when when SCONJ _ 8 feels mark 7 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 feels nsubj 8 feels feel VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 raises advcl 9 scared scared ADJ Degree=Pos 8 feels xcomp 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 raises punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 raise present a porcupine porcupine's quills vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent quill=Theme 2 feel present porcupine scared property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
Example 2 The dog came home with porcupine quills in its nose.
det nsubj advmod case compound obl case nmod:poss nmod punct root The DET dog NOUN came VERB home ADV with ADP porcupine NOUN quills NOUN in ADP its PRON nose NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 dog det 2 dog dog NOUN Number=Sing 3 came nsubj 3 came come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 home home ADV _ 3 came advmod 5 with with ADP _ 7 quills case 6 porcupine porcupine NOUN Number=Sing 7 quills compound 7 quills quill NOUN Number=Plur 3 came obl 8 in in ADP _ 10 nose case 9 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 10 nose nmod:poss 10 nose nose NOUN Number=Sing 7 quills nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 came punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 come past the dog with porcupine quills in dog's nose; home property vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 3 Porcupines eat bark, leaves and fruit.
nsubj obj punct conj cc conj punct root Porcupines NOUN eat VERB bark NOUN , PUNCT leaves NOUN and CCONJ fruit NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Porcupines porcupine NOUN Number=Plur 2 eat nsubj 2 eat eat VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 bark bark NOUN Number=Sing 2 eat obj 4 , , PUNCT _ 5 leaves punct 5 leaves leaf NOUN Number=Plur 3 bark conj 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 fruit cc 7 fruit fruit NOUN Number=Sing 3 bark conj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 eat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 eat present Porcupines bark and leaves and fruit vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bark=Patient
Example 4 A baby porcupine is called a porcupette.
det compound nsubj:pass aux:pass det xcomp punct root A DET baby NOUN porcupine NOUN is AUX called VERB a DET porcupette NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 porcupine det 2 baby baby NOUN Number=Sing 3 porcupine compound 3 porcupine porcupine NOUN Number=Sing 5 called nsubj:pass 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 called aux:pass 5 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 porcupette det 7 porcupette porcupette NOUN Number=Sing 5 called xcomp 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 called punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call present · passive a baby porcupine vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient
Example 5 The porcupine climbed a tree to escape the fox.
det nsubj det obj mark advcl det obj punct root The DET porcupine NOUN climbed VERB a DET tree NOUN to PART escape VERB the DET fox NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 porcupine det 2 porcupine porcupine NOUN Number=Sing 3 climbed nsubj 3 climbed climb VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 tree det 5 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 3 climbed obj 6 to to PART _ 7 escape mark 7 escape escape VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 climbed advcl 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 fox det 9 fox fox NOUN Number=Sing 7 escape obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 climbed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 climb past the porcupine a tree vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location tree=Theme 2 escape to-infinitive the porcupine not said here the fox vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme fox=Initial_Location
Example 6 Porcupines cannot shoot their quills, despite the myth.
nsubj aux advmod nmod:poss obj punct case det parataxis punct root Porcupines NOUN can AUX not PART shoot VERB their PRON quills NOUN , PUNCT despite ADP the DET myth NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Porcupines porcupine NOUN Number=Plur 4 shoot nsubj 2 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 shoot aux 3 not not PART Polarity=Neg 4 shoot advmod 4 shoot shoot VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 quills nmod:poss 6 quills quill NOUN Number=Plur 4 shoot obj 7 , , PUNCT _ 10 myth punct 8 despite despite ADP _ 10 myth case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 myth det 10 myth myth NOUN Number=Sing 4 shoot parataxis 11 . . PUNCT _ 4 shoot punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not shoot can Porcupines Porcupines's quills vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent quill=Theme
Example 7 My little brother's hair stuck up like a porcupine after his nap.
nmod:poss amod nmod:poss case acl compound:prt case det obl case nmod:poss obl punct root My PRON little ADJ brother NOUN 's PART hair NOUN stuck VERB up ADP like ADP a DET porcupine NOUN after ADP his PRON nap NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 brother nmod:poss 2 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 3 brother amod 3 brother brother NOUN Number=Sing 5 hair nmod:poss 4 's 's PART _ 3 brother case 5 hair hair NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 stuck stick VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 hair acl 7 up up ADP _ 6 stuck compound:prt 8 like like ADP _ 10 porcupine case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 porcupine det 10 porcupine porcupine NOUN Number=Sing 6 stuck obl 11 after after ADP _ 13 nap case 12 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 13 nap nmod:poss 13 nap nap NOUN Number=Sing 6 stuck obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 5 hair punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 stick up participle My little brother's hair not said here after porcupine's nap like a porcupine vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient
Example 8 We read a story about a porcupine who wanted a hug.
nsubj det obj case det nmod nsubj acl:relcl det obj punct root We PRON read VERB a DET story NOUN about ADP a DET porcupine NOUN who PRON wanted VERB a DET hug NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 read nsubj 2 read read VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 story det 4 story story NOUN Number=Sing 2 read obj 5 about about ADP _ 7 porcupine case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 porcupine det 7 porcupine porcupine NOUN Number=Sing 4 story nmod 8 who who PRON PronType=Rel 9 wanted nsubj 9 wanted want VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 porcupine acl:relcl 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 hug det 11 hug hug NOUN Number=Sing 9 wanted obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 read punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 read past We a story about a porcupine vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent story=Topic 2 want past a porcupine a hug vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot hug=Theme
Example 9 A Porcupine was looking for a good home.
det nsubj aux case det amod obl punct root A DET Porcupine NOUN was AUX looking VERB for ADP a DET good ADJ home NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 Porcupine det 2 Porcupine porcupine NOUN Number=Sing 4 looking nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 looking aux 4 looking look VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 for for ADP _ 8 home case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 home det 7 good good ADJ Degree=Pos 8 home amod 8 home home NOUN Number=Sing 4 looking obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 looking punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look past · progressive a Porcupine for a good home vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent for home=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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