porcupines Who acts: Porcupines, long sharp quills, New World porcupines, Old World porcupines, North American porcupines, Wolves · What happens: be, cover, protect, climb, live, chew · To what, where: one porcupine, large rodents, Porcupines, trees, Americas, ground · Speech: someone speaks here
«porcupines» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: porcupines in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Porcupines are more than one porcupine: large rodents covered in long sharp quills that protect them from predators.
The tree, 18 words nsubj cop advmod fixed nummod punct amod appos acl case amod amod obl nsubj acl:relcl obj case obl punct root Porcupines NOUN are AUX more ADJ than ADP one NUM porcupine NOUN : PUNCT large ADJ rodents NOUN covered VERB in ADP long ADJ sharp ADJ quills NOUN that PRON protect VERB them PRON from ADP predators NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Porcupines porcupine NOUN Number=Plur 6 porcupine nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 porcupine cop 3 more more ADJ Degree=Cmp ExtPos=ADV 5 one advmod 4 than than ADP _ 3 more fixed 5 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 6 porcupine nummod 6 porcupine porcupine NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 : : PUNCT _ 9 rodents punct 8 large large ADJ Degree=Pos 9 rodents amod 9 rodents rodent NOUN Number=Plur 6 porcupine appos 10 covered cover VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 9 rodents acl 11 in in ADP _ 14 quills case 12 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 14 quills amod 13 sharp sharp ADJ Degree=Pos 14 quills amod 14 quills quill NOUN Number=Plur 10 covered obl 15 that that PRON PronType=Rel 16 protect nsubj 16 protect protect VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 quills acl:relcl 17 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 16 protect obj 18 from from ADP _ 19 predators case 19 predators predator NOUN Number=Plur 16 protect obl 20 . . PUNCT _ 6 porcupine punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Porcupines one porcupine tree rules 2 cover participle large rodents not said here in long sharp quills vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent in quill=Theme 3 protect present long sharp quills Porcupines = porcupine from predators vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent they=Beneficiary from predator=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 There are New World porcupines, which climb trees in the Americas, and Old World porcupines, which live on the ground in Africa, Asia and southern Europe.
The tree, 26 words expl amod amod nsubj punct nsubj acl:relcl obj case det obl punct cc amod amod conj punct nsubj acl:relcl case det obl case obl punct conj cc amod conj punct root There PRON are VERB New ADJ World ADJ porcupines NOUN , PUNCT which PRON climb VERB trees NOUN in ADP the DET Americas PROPN , PUNCT and CCONJ Old ADJ World ADJ porcupines NOUN , PUNCT which PRON live VERB on ADP the DET ground NOUN in ADP Africa PROPN , PUNCT Asia PROPN and CCONJ southern ADJ Europe PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 are expl 2 are be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 New new ADJ Degree=Pos 5 porcupines amod 4 World world ADJ Degree=Pos 5 porcupines amod 5 porcupines porcupine NOUN Number=Plur 2 are nsubj 6 , , PUNCT _ 8 climb punct 7 which which PRON PronType=Rel 8 climb nsubj 8 climb climb VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 porcupines acl:relcl 9 trees tree NOUN Number=Plur 8 climb obj 10 in in ADP _ 12 Americas case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 Americas det 12 Americas AMERICAS PROPN Number=Plur 8 climb obl 13 , , PUNCT _ 17 porcupines punct 14 and and CCONJ _ 17 porcupines cc 15 Old old ADJ Degree=Pos 17 porcupines amod 16 World world ADJ Degree=Pos 17 porcupines amod 17 porcupines porcupine NOUN Number=Plur 5 porcupines conj 18 , , PUNCT _ 20 live punct 19 which which PRON PronType=Rel 20 live nsubj 20 live live VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 17 porcupines acl:relcl 21 on on ADP _ 23 ground case 22 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 23 ground det 23 ground ground NOUN Number=Sing 20 live obl 24 in in ADP _ 25 Africa case 25 Africa Africa PROPN Number=Sing 20 live obl 26 , , PUNCT _ 27 Asia punct 27 Asia Asia PROPN Number=Sing 25 Africa conj 28 and and CCONJ _ 30 Europe cc 29 southern southern ADJ Degree=Pos 30 Europe amod 30 Europe Europe PROPN Number=Sing 25 Africa conj 31 . . PUNCT _ 2 are punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 does present New World porcupines and Old World porcupines there vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 climb present New World porcupines and Old World porcupines trees the Americas vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location tree=Theme 3 live present Old World porcupines the ground in Africa and Asia and southern Europe vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in africa=Location
Example 1 Porcupines are covered in thousands of sharp quills.
nsubj:pass aux:pass case obl case amod nmod punct root Porcupines NOUN are AUX covered VERB in ADP thousands NOUN of ADP sharp ADJ quills NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Porcupines porcupine NOUN Number=Plur 3 covered nsubj:pass 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 covered aux:pass 3 covered cover VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 in in ADP _ 5 thousands case 5 thousands thousand NOUN Number=Plur 3 covered obl 6 of of ADP _ 8 quills case 7 sharp sharp ADJ Degree=Pos 8 quills amod 8 quills quill NOUN Number=Plur 5 thousands nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 covered punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cover present · passive Porcupines in thousands of sharp quills vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in thousand=Theme
Example 2 Porcupines are mostly awake at night.
nsubj cop advmod case obl punct root Porcupines NOUN are AUX mostly ADV awake ADJ at ADP night NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Porcupines porcupine NOUN Number=Plur 4 awake nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 awake cop 3 mostly mostly ADV _ 4 awake advmod 4 awake awake ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 at at ADP _ 6 night case 6 night night NOUN Number=Sing 4 awake obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 awake punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Porcupines night awake, mostly property tree rules
Example 3 In winter, North American porcupines chew tree bark.
case obl punct compound amod nsubj compound obj punct root In ADP winter NOUN , PUNCT North PROPN American ADJ porcupines NOUN chew VERB tree NOUN bark NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 2 winter case 2 winter winter NOUN Number=Sing 7 chew obl 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 winter punct 4 North North PROPN Number=Sing 6 porcupines compound 5 American American ADJ Degree=Pos 6 porcupines amod 6 porcupines porcupine NOUN Number=Plur 7 chew nsubj 7 chew chew VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 8 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 9 bark compound 9 bark bark NOUN Number=Sing 7 chew obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 7 chew punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 chew present North American porcupines tree bark winter vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bark=Patient
Example 4 Porcupines rattle their quills to warn enemies.
nsubj nmod:poss obj mark advcl obj punct root Porcupines NOUN rattle VERB their PRON quills NOUN to PART warn VERB enemies NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Porcupines porcupine NOUN Number=Plur 2 rattle nsubj 2 rattle rattle VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 quills nmod:poss 4 quills quill NOUN Number=Plur 2 rattle obj 5 to to PART _ 6 warn mark 6 warn warn VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 rattle advcl 7 enemies enemy NOUN Number=Plur 6 warn obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 rattle punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 rattle present Porcupines Porcupines's quills vn animal_sounds-38 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent quill=Theme 2 warn speech: warn to-infinitive Porcupines not said here enemies vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent enemy=Recipient
Example 5 Young porcupines are called porcupettes.
amod nsubj:pass aux:pass xcomp punct root Young ADJ porcupines NOUN are AUX called VERB porcupettes NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Young young ADJ Degree=Pos 2 porcupines amod 2 porcupines porcupine NOUN Number=Plur 4 called nsubj:pass 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 called aux:pass 4 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 porcupettes porcupette NOUN Number=Plur 4 called xcomp 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 called punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call present · passive Young porcupines vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient
Example 6 Wolves usually leave porcupines alone.
nsubj advmod obj advmod punct root Wolves NOUN usually ADV leave VERB porcupines NOUN alone ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Wolves wolf NOUN Number=Plur 3 leave nsubj 2 usually usually ADV _ 3 leave advmod 3 leave leave VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 porcupines porcupine NOUN Number=Plur 3 leave obj 5 alone alone ADV _ 3 leave advmod 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 leave punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 leave present Wolves porcupines alone, usually property vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent porcupine=Theme
Example 7 Porcupines are good at climbing trees.
nsubj cop mark advcl obj punct root Porcupines NOUN are AUX good ADJ at SCONJ climbing VERB trees NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Porcupines porcupine NOUN Number=Plur 3 good nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 good cop 3 good good ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 at at SCONJ _ 5 climbing mark 5 climbing climb VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 good advcl 6 trees tree NOUN Number=Plur 5 climbing obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 good punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Porcupines good property tree rules 2 climb gerund Porcupines not said here trees vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location tree=Theme
Example 8 We made porcupines out of clay and cocktail sticks.
nsubj obj case case obl cc compound conj punct root We PRON made VERB porcupines NOUN out ADP of ADP clay NOUN and CCONJ cocktail NOUN sticks NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 made nsubj 2 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 porcupines porcupine NOUN Number=Plur 2 made obj 4 out out ADP _ 6 clay case 5 of of ADP _ 6 clay case 6 clay clay NOUN Number=Sing 2 made obl 7 and and CCONJ _ 9 sticks cc 8 cocktail cocktail NOUN Number=Sing 9 sticks compound 9 sticks stick NOUN Number=Plur 6 clay conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past We porcupines clay and cocktail sticks vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent porcupine=Product
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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