precedent Who acts: earlier judgement, I, you, it, judge, flood · What happens: use, do, follow, let, stay up, set · To what, where: past, that, similar cases, you, precedent, earlier case
«precedent» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: precedent in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 An action or decision from the past that is used as an example or rule for what to do later.
The tree, 20 words det cc conj case det nmod nsubj:pass aux:pass acl:relcl case det obl cc conj case appos mark acl advmod punct root An DET action NOUN or CCONJ decision NOUN from ADP the DET past NOUN that PRON is AUX used VERB as ADP an DET example NOUN or CCONJ rule NOUN for ADP what PRON to PART do VERB later ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 An a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 action det 2 action action NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 or or CCONJ _ 4 decision cc 4 decision decision NOUN Number=Sing 2 action conj 5 from from ADP _ 7 past case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 past det 7 past past NOUN Number=Sing 2 action nmod 8 that that PRON PronType=Rel 10 used nsubj:pass 9 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 used aux:pass 10 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 past acl:relcl 11 as as ADP _ 13 example case 12 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 example det 13 example example NOUN Number=Sing 10 used obl 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 rule cc 15 rule rule NOUN Number=Sing 13 example conj 16 for for ADP _ 17 what case 17 what what PRON PronType=Int 15 rule appos 18 to to PART _ 19 do mark 19 do do VERB VerbForm=Inf 17 what acl 20 later late ADV Degree=Cmp 19 do advmod 21 . . PUNCT _ 2 action punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present · passive the past as a example or rule vn spend_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Duration as example=Attribute 2 do to-infinitive late property vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.
An earlier judgement in court that judges follow in similar cases.
det amod nsubj case nmod obj nsubj case amod obl punct root An DET earlier ADJ judgement NOUN in ADP court NOUN that PRON judges NOUN follow VERB in ADP similar ADJ cases NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 An a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 judgement det 2 earlier early ADJ Degree=Cmp 3 judgement amod 3 judgement judgement NOUN Number=Sing 8 follow nsubj 4 in in ADP _ 5 court case 5 court court NOUN Number=Sing 3 judgement nmod 6 that that PRON PronType=Rel 8 follow obj 7 judges judge NOUN Number=Plur 8 follow nsubj 8 follow follow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 9 in in ADP _ 11 cases case 10 similar similar ADJ Degree=Pos 11 cases amod 11 cases case NOUN Number=Plur 8 follow obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 8 follow punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 follow present a earlier judgement in court that similar cases vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent that=Theme in case=Trajectory
Example 1 If I let you stay up late, it will set a precedent.
mark nsubj advcl obj xcomp compound:prt advmod punct nsubj aux det obj punct root If SCONJ I PRON let VERB you PRON stay VERB up ADP late ADV , PUNCT it PRON will AUX set VERB a DET precedent NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 If if SCONJ _ 3 let mark 2 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 let nsubj 3 let let VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 set advcl 4 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 let obj 5 stay stay VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 let xcomp 6 up up ADP _ 5 stay compound:prt 7 late late ADV Degree=Pos 5 stay advmod 8 , , PUNCT _ 3 let punct 9 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 set nsubj 10 will will AUX VerbForm=Fin 11 set aux 11 set set VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 precedent det 13 precedent precedent NOUN Number=Sing 11 set obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 11 set punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 let a condition, not said to happen present I you tree rules 2 stay up infinitive you not said here late property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 3 set future it a precedent vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient precedent=Result
Example 2 The judge followed a precedent from an earlier case.
det nsubj det obj case det amod obl punct root The DET judge NOUN followed VERB a DET precedent NOUN from ADP an DET earlier ADJ case NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 judge det 2 judge judge NOUN Number=Sing 3 followed nsubj 3 followed follow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 precedent det 5 precedent precedent NOUN Number=Sing 3 followed obj 6 from from ADP _ 9 case case 7 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 case det 8 earlier early ADJ Degree=Cmp 9 case amod 9 case case NOUN Number=Sing 3 followed obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 followed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 follow past the judge a precedent a earlier case vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent precedent=Theme from case=Trajectory
Example 3 The flood was without precedent in the town's history.
det nsubj cop case case det nmod:poss case nmod punct root The DET flood NOUN was AUX without ADP precedent NOUN in ADP the DET town NOUN 's PART history NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 flood det 2 flood flood NOUN Number=Sing 5 precedent nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 precedent cop 4 without without ADP _ 5 precedent case 5 precedent precedent NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 in in ADP _ 10 history case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 town det 8 town town NOUN Number=Sing 10 history nmod:poss 9 's 's PART _ 8 town case 10 history history NOUN Number=Sing 5 precedent nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 5 precedent punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the flood the town's history without precedent tree rules
Example 4 Her election as the first woman leader set a precedent.
nmod:poss nsubj case det amod compound nmod det obj punct root Her PRON election NOUN as ADP the DET first ADJ woman NOUN leader NOUN set VERB a DET precedent NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 election nmod:poss 2 election election NOUN Number=Sing 8 set nsubj 3 as as ADP _ 7 leader case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 leader det 5 first first ADJ Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 7 leader amod 6 woman woman NOUN Number=Sing 7 leader compound 7 leader leader NOUN Number=Sing 2 election nmod 8 set set VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 precedent det 10 precedent precedent NOUN Number=Sing 8 set obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 8 set punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 set past Her election as the first woman leader a precedent vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient precedent=Result 2 elect Her = she as the first woman leader nom election «act transitive»: poss=agent as=obl
Example 5 There is no precedent for a dog joining the school choir.
expl det nsubj case det nmod acl det compound obj punct root There PRON is VERB no DET precedent NOUN for ADP a DET dog NOUN joining VERB the DET school NOUN choir NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 is expl 2 is be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 no no DET PronType=Neg 4 precedent det 4 precedent precedent NOUN Number=Sing 2 is nsubj 5 for for ADP _ 7 dog case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 dog det 7 dog dog NOUN Number=Sing 4 precedent nmod 8 joining join VERB VerbForm=Ger 7 dog acl 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 choir det 10 school school NOUN Number=Sing 11 choir compound 11 choir choir NOUN Number=Sing 8 joining obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 is punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be present no precedent for a dog there vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 join gerund a dog not said here the school choir vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent choir=Patient
Example 6 Courts in England follow precedent.
nsubj case nmod obj punct root Courts NOUN in ADP England PROPN follow VERB precedent NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Courts court NOUN Number=Plur 4 follow nsubj 2 in in ADP _ 3 England case 3 England England PROPN Number=Sing 1 Courts nmod 4 follow follow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 precedent precedent NOUN Number=Sing 4 follow obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 follow punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 follow present Courts in England precedent vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent precedent=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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