predation Who acts: Predation, Camouflage, insects, foxes, Wolves, Living · What happens: be, kill, eat, help, avoid, nest · To what, where: animal, predation, danger, deer numbers, herds, zebras
«predation» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: predation in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Predation is when one animal (a predator) hunts, kills and eats another animal (its prey).
The tree, 15 words nsubj:outer cop mark nummod nsubj punct det appos punct punct conj cc conj det obj punct nmod:poss appos punct punct root Predation NOUN is AUX when SCONJ one NUM animal NOUN ( PUNCT a DET predator NOUN ) PUNCT hunts VERB , PUNCT kills VERB and CCONJ eats VERB another DET animal NOUN ( PUNCT its PRON prey NOUN ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Predation predation NOUN Number=Sing 10 hunts nsubj:outer 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 hunts cop 3 when when SCONJ _ 10 hunts mark 4 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 5 animal nummod 5 animal animal NOUN Number=Sing 10 hunts nsubj 6 ( ( PUNCT _ 8 predator punct 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 predator det 8 predator predator NOUN Number=Sing 5 animal appos 9 ) ) PUNCT _ 8 predator punct 10 hunts hunt VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 11 , , PUNCT _ 12 kills punct 12 kills kill VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 hunts conj 13 and and CCONJ _ 14 eats cc 14 eats eat VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 kills conj 15 another another DET PronType=Ind 16 animal det 16 animal animal NOUN Number=Sing 14 eats obj 17 ( ( PUNCT _ 19 prey punct 18 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 19 prey nmod:poss 19 prey prey NOUN Number=Sing 16 animal appos 20 ) ) PUNCT _ 19 prey punct 21 . . PUNCT _ 10 hunts punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Predation hunt property tree rules 2 kill present Predation not said here vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 3 eat present Predation not said here another animal vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent animal=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Example 1 Camouflage helps insects avoid predation.
nsubj nsubj xcomp obj punct root Camouflage NOUN helps VERB insects NOUN avoid VERB predation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Camouflage camouflage NOUN Number=Sing 2 helps nsubj 2 helps help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 insects insect NOUN Number=Plur 4 avoid nsubj 4 avoid avoid VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 helps xcomp 5 predation predation NOUN Number=Sing 4 avoid obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 helps punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 help present Camouflage vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 avoid infinitive insects predation vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent predation=Location
Example 2 Predation by foxes is a danger to ground-nesting birds.
nsubj case nmod cop det case compound punct amod nmod punct root Predation NOUN by ADP foxes NOUN is AUX a DET danger NOUN to ADP ground NOUN - PUNCT nesting VERB birds NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Predation predation NOUN Number=Sing 6 danger nsubj 2 by by ADP _ 3 foxes case 3 foxes fox NOUN Number=Plur 1 Predation nmod 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 danger cop 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 danger det 6 danger danger NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 to to ADP _ 11 birds case 8 ground ground NOUN Number=Sing 10 nesting compound 9 - - PUNCT _ 8 ground punct 10 nesting nest VERB VerbForm=Ger 11 birds amod 11 birds bird NOUN Number=Plur 6 danger nmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 6 danger punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Predation by foxes a danger to nesting birds tree rules 2 nest gerund vn berry-13.7 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 predate foxes nom predation «act transitive»: by=agent
Example 3 Wolves control deer numbers through predation.
nsubj compound obj case obl punct root Wolves NOUN control VERB deer NOUN numbers NOUN through ADP predation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Wolves wolf NOUN Number=Plur 2 control nsubj 2 control control VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 deer deer NOUN Number=Plur 4 numbers compound 4 numbers number NOUN Number=Plur 2 control obj 5 through through ADP _ 6 predation case 6 predation predation NOUN Number=Sing 2 control obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 control punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 control present Wolves deer numbers predation vn enforce-63 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Theme
Example 4 Living in herds protects zebras from predation.
csubj case obl obj case obl punct root Living VERB in ADP herds NOUN protects VERB zebras NOUN from ADP predation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Living live VERB VerbForm=Ger 4 protects csubj 2 in in ADP _ 3 herds case 3 herds herd NOUN Number=Plur 1 Living obl 4 protects protect VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 zebras zebra NOUN Number=Plur 4 protects obj 6 from from ADP _ 7 predation case 7 predation predation NOUN Number=Sing 4 protects obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 protects punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 live gerund herds vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in herd=Location 2 protect present Living zebras from predation vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent zebra=Beneficiary from predation=Theme
Example 5 Rats on the island caused heavy predation of seabird eggs.
nsubj case det nmod amod obj case compound nmod punct root Rats NOUN on ADP the DET island NOUN caused VERB heavy ADJ predation NOUN of ADP seabird NOUN eggs NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Rats rat NOUN Number=Plur 5 caused nsubj 2 on on ADP _ 4 island case 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 island det 4 island island NOUN Number=Sing 1 Rats nmod 5 caused cause VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 heavy heavy ADJ Degree=Pos 7 predation amod 7 predation predation NOUN Number=Sing 5 caused obj 8 of of ADP _ 10 eggs case 9 seabird seabird NOUN Number=Sing 10 eggs compound 10 eggs egg NOUN Number=Plur 7 predation nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 5 caused punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cause past Rats on the island heavy predation of seabird eggs vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition predation=Patient 2 predate seabird eggs nom predation «act transitive»: of=patient
Example 6 Predation is part of every food chain.
nsubj cop case det compound nmod punct root Predation NOUN is AUX part NOUN of ADP every DET food NOUN chain NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Predation predation NOUN Number=Sing 3 part nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 part cop 3 part part NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 of of ADP _ 7 chain case 5 every every DET PronType=Tot 7 chain det 6 food food NOUN Number=Sing 7 chain compound 7 chain chain NOUN Number=Sing 3 part nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 part punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Predation part of every food chain tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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