promise Who acts: you, something, dark clouds, I, She, her · What happens: say, do, happen, promise, show, be · To what, where: something, noun, signs, rain, room, promise · Speech: someone speaks here
«promise» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: promise in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To say that you will certainly do something, or that something will certainly happen.
The tree, 14 words mark mark nsubj aux advmod ccomp obj punct cc mark nsubj aux advmod conj punct root To PART say VERB that SCONJ you PRON will AUX certainly ADV do VERB something PRON , PUNCT or CCONJ that SCONJ something PRON will AUX certainly ADV happen VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 say mark 2 say say VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 that that SCONJ _ 7 do mark 4 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 7 do nsubj 5 will will AUX VerbForm=Fin 7 do aux 6 certainly certainly ADV _ 7 do advmod 7 do do VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 say ccomp 8 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 7 do obj 9 , , PUNCT _ 15 happen punct 10 or or CCONJ _ 15 happen cc 11 that that SCONJ _ 15 happen mark 12 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 15 happen nsubj 13 will will AUX VerbForm=Fin 15 happen aux 14 certainly certainly ADV _ 15 happen advmod 15 happen happen VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 say conj 16 . . PUNCT _ 2 say punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert to-infinitive vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 do future you something certainly property vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality 3 happen future something certainly property vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A noun: what you say when you promise.
det punct obj nsubj acl:relcl advmod nsubj ccomp punct root A DET noun NOUN : PUNCT what PRON you PRON say VERB when ADV you PRON promise VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 noun det 2 noun noun NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 : : PUNCT _ 6 say punct 4 what what PRON PronType=Int 6 say obj 5 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 6 say nsubj 6 say say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 noun acl:relcl 7 when when ADV PronType=Int 9 promise advmod 8 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 9 promise nsubj 9 promise promise VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 say ccomp 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 noun punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert present you a noun tree rules 2 promise speech: promise present you vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
Meaning 3 To show signs that something will happen or be good: «dark clouds promise rain»; «a promising young player».
The tree, 18 words mark obj mark nsubj aux advcl cc cop conj punct punct amod nsubj ccomp obj punct punct punct det amod amod parataxis punct punct root To PART show VERB signs NOUN that SCONJ something PRON will AUX happen VERB or CCONJ be AUX good ADJ : PUNCT « PUNCT dark ADJ clouds NOUN promise VERB rain NOUN » PUNCT ; PUNCT « PUNCT a DET promising VERB young ADJ player NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 show mark 2 show show VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 signs sign NOUN Number=Plur 2 show obj 4 that that SCONJ _ 7 happen mark 5 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 7 happen nsubj 6 will will AUX VerbForm=Fin 7 happen aux 7 happen happen VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 show advcl 8 or or CCONJ _ 10 good cc 9 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 10 good cop 10 good good ADJ Degree=Pos 7 happen conj 11 : : PUNCT _ 15 promise punct 12 « « PUNCT _ 15 promise punct 13 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 14 clouds amod 14 clouds cloud NOUN Number=Plur 15 promise nsubj 15 promise promise VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 show ccomp 16 rain rain NOUN Number=Sing 15 promise obj 17 » » PUNCT _ 15 promise punct 18 ; ; PUNCT _ 23 player punct 19 « « PUNCT _ 23 player punct 20 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 23 player det 21 promising promise VERB VerbForm=Ger 23 player amod 22 young young ADJ Degree=Pos 23 player amod 23 player player NOUN Number=Sing 2 show parataxis 24 » » PUNCT _ 23 player punct 25 . . PUNCT _ 2 show punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show to-infinitive signs vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S»: agent=Agent sign=Recipient clause=Topic 2 happen future something vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 3 is infinitive something not said here good property tree rules 4 promise speech: promise in a quote present dark clouds rain vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent rain=Theme 5 promise speech: promise in a quote gerund vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
Example 1 I promise to tidy my room after lunch.
nsubj mark xcomp nmod:poss obj case obl punct root I PRON promise VERB to PART tidy VERB my PRON room NOUN after ADP lunch NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 promise nsubj 2 promise promise VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 to to PART _ 4 tidy mark 4 tidy tidy VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 promise xcomp 5 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 room nmod:poss 6 room room NOUN Number=Sing 4 tidy obj 7 after after ADP _ 8 lunch case 8 lunch lunch NOUN Number=Sing 4 tidy obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 promise punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 promise speech: promise present I vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 tidy not said to happen to-infinitive I not said here my room after lunch tree rules
Example 2 She kept her promise and came to my party.
nsubj nmod:poss obj cc conj case nmod:poss obl punct root She PRON kept VERB her PRON promise NOUN and CCONJ came VERB to ADP my PRON party NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 kept nsubj 2 kept keep VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 promise nmod:poss 4 promise promise NOUN Number=Sing 2 kept obj 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 came cc 6 came come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 kept conj 7 to to ADP _ 9 party case 8 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 party nmod:poss 9 party party NOUN Number=Sing 6 came obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 kept punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 keep past She her promise vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent promise=Theme 2 come past She not said here my party vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to party=Initial_Location 3 promise her = she nom promise «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Example 3 He broke his promise, and his friend was upset.
nsubj nmod:poss obj punct cc nmod:poss nsubj cop conj punct root He PRON broke VERB his PRON promise NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ his PRON friend NOUN was AUX upset ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 broke nsubj 2 broke break VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 promise nmod:poss 4 promise promise NOUN Number=Sing 2 broke obj 5 , , PUNCT _ 10 upset punct 6 and and CCONJ _ 10 upset cc 7 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 friend nmod:poss 8 friend friend NOUN Number=Sing 10 upset nsubj 9 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 10 upset cop 10 upset upset ADJ Degree=Pos 2 broke conj 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 broke punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 break past He his promise vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer promise=Patient 2 is past his friend upset property tree rules 3 promise his = he nom promise «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Example 4 Don't make promises you can't keep.
aux advmod obj nsubj aux advmod acl:relcl punct root Do AUX n't PART make VERB promises NOUN you PRON ca AUX n't PART keep VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 make aux 2 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 3 make advmod 3 make make VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 promises promise NOUN Number=Plur 3 make obj 5 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 8 keep nsubj 6 ca can AUX VerbForm=Fin 8 keep aux 7 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 8 keep advmod 8 keep keep VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 promises acl:relcl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not make imperative · do-support you not said here promises vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset promise=Product 2 not keep can you promises not said here vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent promise=Theme
Example 5 Dad promised we would go to the beach on Sunday.
nsubj nsubj aux ccomp case det obl case obl punct root Dad NOUN promised VERB we PRON would AUX go VERB to ADP the DET beach NOUN on ADP Sunday PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dad dad NOUN Number=Sing 2 promised nsubj 2 promised promise VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 5 go nsubj 4 would would AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 go aux 5 go go VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 promised ccomp 6 to to ADP _ 8 beach case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 beach det 8 beach beach NOUN Number=Sing 5 go obl 9 on on ADP _ 10 Sunday case 10 Sunday Sunday PROPN Number=Sing 5 go obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 promised punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 promise speech: promise past Dad vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 go would we the beach sunday vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to beach=Initial_Location
Example 6 We made a pinky promise.
nsubj det compound obj punct root We PRON made VERB a DET pinky NOUN promise NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 made nsubj 2 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 promise det 4 pinky pinky NOUN Number=Sing 5 promise compound 5 promise promise NOUN Number=Sing 2 made obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past We a pinky promise vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent promise=Product
Example 7 The grey sky promised rain.
det amod acl obj punct root The DET grey ADJ sky NOUN promised VERB rain NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 sky det 2 grey grey ADJ Degree=Pos 3 sky amod 3 sky sky NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 promised promise VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 sky acl 5 rain rain NOUN Number=Sing 4 promised obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 sky punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 promise speech: promise participle the grey sky not said here rain vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent rain=Theme
Example 8 She is a promising swimmer.
nsubj cop det amod punct root She PRON is AUX a DET promising VERB swimmer NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 swimmer nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 swimmer cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 swimmer det 4 promising promise VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 swimmer amod 5 swimmer swimmer NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 . . PUNCT _ 5 swimmer punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 promise speech: promise gerund vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 2 is a present She a promising swimmer tree rules
Example 9 You promised you'd pay me to-day."
nsubj nsubj aux ccomp iobj case punct obl punct punct root You PRON promised VERB you PRON 'd AUX pay VERB me PRON to ADP - PUNCT day NOUN . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 You you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 2 promised nsubj 2 promised promise VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 5 pay nsubj 4 'd would AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 pay aux 5 pay pay VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 promised ccomp 6 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 5 pay iobj 7 to to ADP _ 9 day case 8 - - PUNCT _ 7 to punct 9 day day NOUN Number=Sing 5 pay obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 promised punct 11 " " PUNCT _ 2 promised punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 promise speech: promise past You vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 pay would you me day vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Asset
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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