quipu

Who acts: numbers, Incas, knot, higher, We, Experts · What happens: knot, use, record, be, count, stand · To what, where: knotted coloured strings, numbers, quipu, llamas, units, tens

«quipu» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: quipu in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Usage: history — kept apart, not parsed.

A set of knotted coloured strings used by the Inca people of South America to record numbers and information, such as how many people, animals or goods there were.

The tree, 29 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 set	det
2	set	set	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	6 strings	case
4	knotted	knot	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 strings	amod
5	coloured	coloured	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 strings	amod
6	strings	string	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 set	nmod
7	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 strings	acl
8	by	by	ADP	_	11 people	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 people	det
10	Inca	Inca	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 people	compound
11	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 used	obl:agent
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 America	case
13	South	South	PROPN	Number=Sing	14 America	compound
14	America	America	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 people	nmod
15	to	to	PART	_	16 record	mark
16	record	record	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 used	advcl
17	numbers	number	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 record	obj
18	and	and	CCONJ	_	19 information	cc
19	information	information	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 numbers	conj
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	25 people	punct
21	such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP	25 people	case
22	as	as	ADP	_	21 such	fixed
23	how	how	ADV	PronType=Int	24 many	advmod
24	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	25 people	amod
25	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 numbers	conj
26	,	,	PUNCT	_	27 animals	punct
27	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 numbers	conj
28	or	or	CCONJ	_	29 goods	cc
29	goods	goods	NOUN	Number=Ptan	17 numbers	conj
30	there	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	31 were	expl
31	were	be	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	17 numbers	acl
32	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 set	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	knot	participle				vn tape-22.4 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient
2	use	participle		knotted coloured strings not said here		vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	record	to-infinitive		numbers and information and many people and animals or goods		vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Theme
4	be	past	numbers and information and many people and animals or goods not said here		there	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Example 1

The Incas used a quipu to count llamas.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 Incas	det
2	Incas	Inca	PROPN	Number=Plur	3 used	nsubj
3	used	use	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 quipu	det
5	quipu	quipu	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 used	obj
6	to	to	PART	_	7 count	mark
7	count	count	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 quipu	acl
8	llamas	llama	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 count	obj
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 used	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	use	past	the Incas	a quipu					vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent quipu=Patient
2	count	to-infinitive	the Incas not said here	llamas					vn multiply-108 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent llama=Theme

Example 2

Each knot on the quipu stood for a number.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	2 knot	det
2	knot	knot	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 stood	nsubj
3	on	on	ADP	_	5 quipu	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 quipu	det
5	quipu	quipu	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 knot	nmod
6	stood	stand	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	for	for	ADP	_	9 number	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 number	det
9	number	number	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 stood	obl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 stood	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	stand	past	each knot on the quipu					for a number	vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer for number=Attribute

Example 3

A knot near the end of the string showed units; higher up meant tens and hundreds.

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 knot	det
2	knot	knot	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 showed	nsubj
3	near	near	ADP	_	5 end	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 end	det
5	end	end	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 knot	nmod
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 string	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 string	det
8	string	string	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 end	nmod
9	showed	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
10	units	unit	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 showed	obj
11	;	;	PUNCT	_	14 meant	punct
12	higher	high	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	14 meant	nsubj
13	up	up	ADV	_	14 meant	advmod
14	meant	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	9 showed	conj
15	tens	ten	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 meant	obj
16	and	and	CCONJ	_	17 hundreds	cc
17	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 tens	conj
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 showed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	show	past	a knot near the end of the string	units					vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent unit=Recipient
2	mean	past	higher	tens and hundreds					vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ten=Topic

Example 4

We made our own quipu from coloured wool.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 made	nsubj
2	made	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	our	our	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 quipu	nmod:poss
4	own	own	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 quipu	amod
5	quipu	quipu	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 made	obj
6	from	from	ADP	_	8 wool	case
7	coloured	coloured	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 wool	amod
8	wool	wool	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 made	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 made	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	past	We	our own quipu		coloured wool			vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP.product PP.material»: agent=Agent quipu=Product from wool=Material

Example 5

Experts are still trying to work out if quipus recorded words too.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Experts	expert	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 trying	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 trying	aux
3	still	still	ADV	_	4 trying	advmod
4	trying	try	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
5	to	to	PART	_	6 work	mark
6	work	work	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 trying	xcomp
7	out	out	ADP	_	6 work	compound:prt
8	if	if	SCONJ	_	9 quipus	mark
9	quipus	quipu	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 work	obl
10	recorded	record	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 words	amod
11	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 quipus	conj
12	too	too	ADV	_	6 work	advmod
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 trying	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	roles by
1	try	present · progressive	Experts		still	vn try-61.1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality
2	work out not said to happen	to-infinitive	Experts not said here	quipus and recorded words		vn discover-84 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent
3	record	participle				vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Example 6

The quipu helped officials keep track of taxes.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 quipu	det
2	quipu	quipu	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 helped	nsubj
3	helped	help	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	officials	official	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 keep	nsubj
5	keep	keep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 helped	ccomp
6	track	track	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 keep	obj
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 taxes	case
8	taxes	tax	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 track	nmod
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 helped	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	help	past	the quipu						vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
2	keep	present	officials	track of taxes					vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent track=Theme

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/Q/quipu/