refer Who acts: word, it, you, I, doctor, n · What happens: refer, be, write, mean, name, say · To what, where: list, someone, person, thing, page, twins · Speech: someone speaks here
«refer» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: refer in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To refer to someone or something is to talk or write about them.
mark advcl case obl cc conj cop mark cc conj case obl punct root To PART refer VERB to ADP someone PRON or CCONJ something PRON is AUX to PART talk VERB or CCONJ write VERB about ADP them PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 refer mark 2 refer refer VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 talk advcl 3 to to ADP _ 4 someone case 4 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 refer obl 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 something cc 6 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 4 someone conj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 talk cop 8 to to PART _ 9 talk mark 9 talk talk VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 10 or or CCONJ _ 11 write cc 11 write write VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 9 talk conj 12 about about ADP _ 13 them case 13 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 write obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 9 talk punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refer to-infinitive to someone vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to someone=Co-Theme 2 is present talk property tree rules 3 write infinitive about them = they vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about they=Topic
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To refer to a book, map or list is to look at it for information.
The tree, 15 words mark advcl case det obl punct conj cc conj cop mark case obl case obl punct root To PART refer VERB to ADP a DET book NOUN , PUNCT map NOUN or CCONJ list NOUN is AUX to PART look VERB at ADP it PRON for ADP information NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 refer mark 2 refer refer VERB VerbForm=Inf 12 look advcl 3 to to ADP _ 5 book case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 book det 5 book book NOUN Number=Sing 2 refer obl 6 , , PUNCT _ 7 map punct 7 map map NOUN Number=Sing 5 book conj 8 or or CCONJ _ 9 list cc 9 list list NOUN Number=Sing 5 book conj 10 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 look cop 11 to to PART _ 12 look mark 12 look look VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 13 at at ADP _ 14 it case 14 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 look obl 15 for for ADP _ 16 information case 16 information information NOUN Number=Sing 12 look obl 17 . . PUNCT _ 12 look punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refer to-infinitive to a book and map or list vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to book=Co-Theme 2 is present list for information; look property tree rules
Meaning 3 To refer someone to another person or place is to send them there for help.
The tree, 15 words mark advcl obj case det obl cc conj cop mark obj advmod case obl punct root To PART refer VERB someone PRON to ADP another DET person NOUN or CCONJ place NOUN is AUX to PART send VERB them PRON there ADV for ADP help NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 refer mark 2 refer refer VERB VerbForm=Inf 11 send advcl 3 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 refer obj 4 to to ADP _ 6 person case 5 another another DET PronType=Ind 6 person det 6 person person NOUN Number=Sing 2 refer obl 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 place cc 8 place place NOUN Number=Sing 6 person conj 9 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 send cop 10 to to PART _ 11 send mark 11 send send VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 12 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 send obj 13 there there ADV PronType=Dem 11 send advmod 14 for for ADP _ 15 help case 15 help help NOUN Number=Sing 11 send obl 16 . . PUNCT _ 11 send punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refer to-infinitive someone another person or place vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent someone=Theme to person=Recipient 2 is present there for help; send property tree rules
Meaning 4 If a word refers to something, it means or names that thing.
mark det nsubj advcl case obl punct nsubj cc conj det obj punct root If SCONJ a DET word NOUN refers VERB to ADP something PRON , PUNCT it PRON means VERB or CCONJ names VERB that DET thing NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 If if SCONJ _ 4 refers mark 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 word det 3 word word NOUN Number=Sing 4 refers nsubj 4 refers refer VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 means advcl 5 to to ADP _ 6 something case 6 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 4 refers obl 7 , , PUNCT _ 4 refers punct 8 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 means nsubj 9 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 10 or or CCONJ _ 11 names cc 11 names name VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 means conj 12 that that DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 13 thing det 13 thing thing NOUN Number=Sing 11 names obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 9 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refer a condition, not said to happen present a word to something vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to something=Co-Theme 2 mean present it vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 3 name present that thing vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Theme
Example 1 Please refer to the map on page 12.
discourse case det obl case obl flat punct root Please INTJ refer VERB to ADP the DET map NOUN on ADP page NOUN 12 NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Please please INTJ _ 2 refer discourse 2 refer refer VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 to to ADP _ 5 map case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 map det 5 map map NOUN Number=Sing 2 refer obl 6 on on ADP _ 7 page case 7 page page NOUN Number=Sing 2 refer obl 8 12 12 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 7 page flat 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 refer punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refer imperative you not said here page to the map vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to map=Co-Theme
Example 2 When I say «the twins», I'm referring to Sam and Alex.
The tree, 12 words advmod nsubj advcl punct det obj punct punct nsubj aux case obl cc conj punct root When ADV I PRON say VERB « PUNCT the DET twins NOUN » PUNCT , PUNCT I PRON 'm AUX referring VERB to ADP Sam PROPN and CCONJ Alex PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 When when ADV PronType=Int 3 say advmod 2 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 say nsubj 3 say say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 referring advcl 4 « « PUNCT _ 6 twins punct 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 twins det 6 twins twin NOUN Number=Plur 3 say obj 7 » » PUNCT _ 6 twins punct 8 , , PUNCT _ 3 say punct 9 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 11 referring nsubj 10 'm be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 referring aux 11 referring refer VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 12 to to ADP _ 13 Sam case 13 Sam Sam PROPN Number=Sing 11 referring obl 14 and and CCONJ _ 15 Alex cc 15 Alex Alex PROPN Number=Sing 13 Sam conj 16 . . PUNCT _ 11 referring punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert present I the twins vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent twin=Topic 2 refer present · progressive I Sam and Alex vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to sam=Co-Theme
Example 3 The doctor referred her to a hospital specialist.
det nsubj obj case det compound obl punct root The DET doctor NOUN referred VERB her PRON to ADP a DET hospital NOUN specialist NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 doctor det 2 doctor doctor NOUN Number=Sing 3 referred nsubj 3 referred refer VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 her she PRON Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 referred obj 5 to to ADP _ 8 specialist case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 specialist det 7 hospital hospital NOUN Number=Sing 8 specialist compound 8 specialist specialist NOUN Number=Sing 3 referred obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 referred punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refer past the doctor her = she a hospital specialist vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent she=Theme to specialist=Recipient
Example 4 In the sum, «n» refers to the number of sweets.
case det obl punct punct nsubj punct case det obl case nmod punct root In ADP the DET sum NOUN , PUNCT « PUNCT n NOUN » PUNCT refers VERB to ADP the DET number NOUN of ADP sweets NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 sum case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 sum det 3 sum sum NOUN Number=Sing 8 refers obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 sum punct 5 « « PUNCT _ 6 n punct 6 n n NOUN Number=Sing 8 refers nsubj 7 » » PUNCT _ 6 n punct 8 refers refer VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 9 to to ADP _ 11 number case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 number det 11 number number NOUN Number=Sing 8 refers obl 12 of of ADP _ 13 sweets case 13 sweets sweet NOUN Number=Plur 11 number nmod 14 . . PUNCT _ 8 refers punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refer present n the sum to the number of sweets vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to number=Co-Theme
Example 5 The Moon is sometimes referred to as Earth's satellite.
det nsubj:pass aux:pass advmod obl case nmod:poss case obl punct root The DET Moon PROPN is AUX sometimes ADV referred VERB to ADP as ADP Earth PROPN 's PART satellite NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 Moon det 2 Moon Moon PROPN Number=Sing 5 referred nsubj:pass 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 referred aux:pass 4 sometimes sometimes ADV PronType=Ind 5 referred advmod 5 referred refer VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 6 to to ADP _ 5 referred obl 7 as as ADP _ 10 satellite case 8 Earth Earth PROPN Number=Sing 10 satellite nmod:poss 9 's 's PART _ 8 Earth case 10 satellite satellite NOUN Number=Sing 5 referred obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 5 referred punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refer present · passive the Moon as Earth's satellite; sometimes property vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: subject=Theme
Example 6 Refer back to your notes if you get stuck.
advmod case nmod:poss obl mark nsubj advcl xcomp punct root Refer VERB back ADV to ADP your PRON notes NOUN if SCONJ you PRON get VERB stuck ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Refer refer VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 back back ADV _ 1 Refer advmod 3 to to ADP _ 5 notes case 4 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 notes nmod:poss 5 notes note NOUN Number=Plur 1 Refer obl 6 if if SCONJ _ 8 get mark 7 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 8 get nsubj 8 get get VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 Refer advcl 9 stuck stuck ADJ Degree=Pos 8 get xcomp 10 . . PUNCT _ 1 Refer punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refer back imperative you not said here to your notes vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to note=Co-Theme 2 get a condition, not said to happen present you stuck property vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer 3 note your nom note «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Example 7 «It» in the second sentence refers to the dog.
punct obl punct case det amod obl case det obl punct root « PUNCT It PRON » PUNCT in ADP the DET second ADJ sentence NOUN refers VERB to ADP the DET dog NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 It punct 2 It it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 refers obl 3 » » PUNCT _ 2 It punct 4 in in ADP _ 7 sentence case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 sentence det 6 second second ADJ Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 7 sentence amod 7 sentence sentence NOUN Number=Sing 8 refers obl 8 refers refer VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 9 to to ADP _ 11 dog case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 dog det 11 dog dog NOUN Number=Sing 8 refers obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 8 refers punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refer present It the second sentence to the dog vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to dog=Co-Theme
Example 8 "What men are these you refer to?" said Deirdre.
punct nsubj nsubj cop nsubj nsubj parataxis obl punct punct nsubj punct root " PUNCT What PRON men NOUN are AUX these PRON you PRON refer VERB to ADP ? PUNCT " PUNCT said VERB Deirdre PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 5 these punct 2 What what PRON PronType=Int 5 these nsubj 3 men man NOUN Number=Plur 5 these nsubj 4 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 these cop 5 these this PRON Number=Plur PronType=Dem 7 refer nsubj 6 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 7 refer nsubj 7 refer refer VERB VerbForm=Inf 11 said parataxis 8 to to ADP _ 7 refer obl 9 ? ? PUNCT _ 7 refer punct 10 " " PUNCT _ 7 refer punct 11 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 12 Deirdre Deirdre PROPN Number=Sing 11 said nsubj 13 . . PUNCT _ 11 said punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a in a quote present these tree rules 2 refer in a quote infinitive these vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme 3 say speech: ask past Deirdre vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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