refute Who acts: claim, something, She, his, scientist, you · What happens: refute, be, mean, say, not be, claim · To what, where: idea, claim, old idea, argument, rumour, story · Speech: someone speaks here
«refute» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: refute in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To refute an idea or claim is to prove that it is wrong.
mark advcl det obj cc conj cop mark mark nsubj cop xcomp punct root To PART refute VERB an DET idea NOUN or CCONJ claim NOUN is AUX to PART prove VERB that SCONJ it PRON is AUX wrong ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 refute mark 2 refute refute VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 prove advcl 3 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 idea det 4 idea idea NOUN Number=Sing 2 refute obj 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 claim cc 6 claim claim NOUN Number=Sing 4 idea conj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 prove cop 8 to to PART _ 9 prove mark 9 prove prove VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 10 that that SCONJ _ 13 wrong mark 11 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 13 wrong nsubj 12 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 wrong cop 13 wrong wrong ADJ Degree=Pos 9 prove xcomp 14 . . PUNCT _ 9 prove punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refute to-infinitive a idea or claim tree rules 2 is present prove property tree rules 3 is present claim wrong property tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.
To refute can also mean to say firmly that something is not true, even without proof.
The tree, 16 words mark csubj aux advmod mark xcomp advmod mark nsubj cop advmod ccomp punct advmod case conj punct root To PART refute VERB can AUX also ADV mean VERB to PART say VERB firmly ADV that SCONJ something PRON is AUX not PART true ADJ , PUNCT even ADV without ADP proof NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 refute mark 2 refute refute VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 mean csubj 3 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 mean aux 4 also also ADV _ 5 mean advmod 5 mean mean VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 to to PART _ 7 say mark 7 say say VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 mean xcomp 8 firmly firmly ADV _ 7 say advmod 9 that that SCONJ _ 13 true mark 10 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 13 true nsubj 11 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 true cop 12 not not PART Polarity=Neg 13 true advmod 13 true true ADJ Degree=Pos 7 say ccomp 14 , , PUNCT _ 17 proof punct 15 even even ADV _ 17 proof advmod 16 without without ADP _ 17 proof case 17 proof proof NOUN Number=Sing 13 true conj 18 . . PUNCT _ 5 mean punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refute to-infinitive tree rules 2 mean can vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 say speech: assert not said to happen to-infinitive firmly property vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 4 not is present something true property tree rules
Example 1 She refuted his claim with photos.
nsubj nmod:poss obj case obl punct root She PRON refuted VERB his PRON claim NOUN with ADP photos NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 refuted nsubj 2 refuted refute VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 claim nmod:poss 4 claim claim NOUN Number=Sing 2 refuted obj 5 with with ADP _ 6 photos case 6 photos photo NOUN Number=Plur 2 refuted obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 refuted punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refute past She his claim with photos tree rules 2 claim his = he nom claim «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Example 2 The scientist refuted the old idea.
det nsubj det amod obj punct root The DET scientist NOUN refuted VERB the DET old ADJ idea NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 scientist det 2 scientist scientist NOUN Number=Sing 3 refuted nsubj 3 refuted refute VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 idea det 5 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 6 idea amod 6 idea idea NOUN Number=Sing 3 refuted obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 refuted punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refute past the scientist the old idea tree rules
Example 3 Can you refute this argument?
aux nsubj det obj punct root Can AUX you PRON refute VERB this DET argument NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 refute aux 2 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 refute nsubj 3 refute refute VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 5 argument det 5 argument argument NOUN Number=Sing 3 refute obj 6 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 refute punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refute can you this argument tree rules
Example 4 The evidence refuted the rumour.
det nsubj det obj punct root The DET evidence NOUN refuted VERB the DET rumour NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 evidence det 2 evidence evidence NOUN Number=Sing 3 refuted nsubj 3 refuted refute VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 rumour det 5 rumour rumour NOUN Number=Sing 3 refuted obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 refuted punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refute past the evidence the rumour tree rules
Example 5 He refuted the story, saying it was false.
nsubj det obj punct advcl nsubj cop ccomp punct root He PRON refuted VERB the DET story NOUN , PUNCT saying VERB it PRON was AUX false ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 refuted nsubj 2 refuted refute VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 story det 4 story story NOUN Number=Sing 2 refuted obj 5 , , PUNCT _ 6 saying punct 6 saying say VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 refuted advcl 7 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 false nsubj 8 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 false cop 9 false false ADJ Degree=Pos 6 saying ccomp 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 refuted punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refute past He the story tree rules 2 say speech: assert gerund He not said here vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 3 is past story false property tree rules
Example 6 Use evidence to refute a false claim.
obj mark advcl det amod obj punct root Use VERB evidence NOUN to PART refute VERB a DET false ADJ claim NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Use use VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 evidence evidence NOUN Number=Sing 1 Use obj 3 to to PART _ 4 refute mark 4 refute refute VERB VerbForm=Inf 1 Use advcl 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 claim det 6 false false ADJ Degree=Pos 7 claim amod 7 claim claim NOUN Number=Sing 4 refute obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 1 Use punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use imperative you not said here evidence vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent evidence=Patient 2 refute to-infinitive you not said here a false claim tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
← previous refusenext → regain↑ back to R in school dictionary This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/R/refute/