rune Who acts: rune, Vikings, We, our, wizard, runes · What happens: use, carve, letter, believe, have, be · To what, where: old alphabet, other Germanic peoples, wood, mark, magic meaning, short magic chant · Speech: someone speaks here
«rune» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: rune in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A letter of an old alphabet used by Vikings and other Germanic peoples, carved on wood, stone or bone.
The tree, 19 words det case det amod nmod acl case obl:agent cc amod amod conj punct acl case obl punct conj cc conj punct root A DET letter NOUN of ADP an DET old ADJ alphabet NOUN used VERB by ADP Vikings PROPN and CCONJ other ADJ Germanic ADJ peoples NOUN , PUNCT carved VERB on ADP wood NOUN , PUNCT stone NOUN or CCONJ bone NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 letter det 2 letter letter NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 of of ADP _ 6 alphabet case 4 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 alphabet det 5 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 6 alphabet amod 6 alphabet alphabet NOUN Number=Sing 2 letter nmod 7 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 alphabet acl 8 by by ADP _ 9 Vikings case 9 Vikings Viking PROPN Number=Plur 7 used obl:agent 10 and and CCONJ _ 13 peoples cc 11 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 13 peoples amod 12 Germanic germanic ADJ Degree=Pos 13 peoples amod 13 peoples people NOUN Number=Plur 9 Vikings conj 14 , , PUNCT _ 15 carved punct 15 carved carve VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 13 peoples acl 16 on on ADP _ 17 wood case 17 wood wood NOUN Number=Sing 15 carved obl 18 , , PUNCT _ 19 stone punct 19 stone stone NOUN Number=Sing 17 wood conj 20 or or CCONJ _ 21 bone cc 21 bone bone NOUN Number=Sing 17 wood conj 22 . . PUNCT _ 2 letter punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use participle a old alphabet not said here vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 carve participle other Germanic peoples not said here wood and stone or bone vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on wood=Destination 3 letter a old alphabet nom letter «communication transitive»: of=patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A mark or symbol that is believed to have magic or secret meaning, as in fantasy stories and games.
The tree, 19 words det nsubj:pass cc conj nsubj:pass aux:pass mark xcomp amod cc conj obj punct case case compound obj cc conj punct root A DET mark NOUN or CCONJ symbol NOUN that PRON is AUX believed VERB to PART have VERB magic ADJ or CCONJ secret ADJ meaning NOUN , PUNCT as ADP in ADP fantasy NOUN stories NOUN and CCONJ games NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 mark det 2 mark mark NOUN Number=Sing 7 believed nsubj:pass 3 or or CCONJ _ 4 symbol cc 4 symbol symbol NOUN Number=Sing 2 mark conj 5 that that PRON PronType=Rel 7 believed nsubj:pass 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 believed aux:pass 7 believed believe VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 8 to to PART _ 9 have mark 9 have have VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 believed xcomp 10 magic magic ADJ Degree=Pos 13 meaning amod 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 secret cc 12 secret secret ADJ Degree=Pos 10 magic conj 13 meaning meaning NOUN Number=Sing 9 have obj 14 , , PUNCT _ 18 stories punct 15 as as ADP _ 18 stories case 16 in in ADP _ 18 stories case 17 fantasy fantasy NOUN Number=Sing 18 stories compound 18 stories story NOUN Number=Plur 9 have obj 19 and and CCONJ _ 20 games cc 20 games game NOUN Number=Plur 18 stories conj 21 . . PUNCT _ 7 believed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 believe present · passive a mark or symbol tree rules 2 have to-infinitive magic meaning tree rules
Meaning 3 A rune can also be a short magic chant or verse that is sung or spoken.
The tree, 16 words det nsubj aux advmod cop det amod amod cc conj nsubj:pass aux:pass parataxis cc conj punct root A DET rune NOUN can AUX also ADV be AUX a DET short ADJ magic ADJ chant NOUN or CCONJ verse NOUN that PRON is AUX sung VERB or CCONJ spoken VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 rune det 2 rune rune NOUN Number=Sing 9 chant nsubj 3 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 9 chant aux 4 also also ADV _ 9 chant advmod 5 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 9 chant cop 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 chant det 7 short short ADJ Degree=Pos 9 chant amod 8 magic magic ADJ Degree=Pos 9 chant amod 9 chant chant NOUN Number=Sing root root 10 or or CCONJ _ 11 verse cc 11 verse verse NOUN Number=Sing 9 chant conj 12 that that PRON PronType=Rel 14 sung nsubj:pass 13 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 sung aux:pass 14 sung sing VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 9 chant parataxis 15 or or CCONJ _ 16 spoken cc 16 spoken speak VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 14 sung conj 17 . . PUNCT _ 9 chant punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a can a rune a short magic chant or verse tree rules 2 sing speech: express present · passive that vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme 3 speak speech: other participle vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 1 The Vikings carved runes on stones.
det nsubj obj case obl punct root The DET Vikings PROPN carved VERB runes NOUN on ADP stones NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 Vikings det 2 Vikings Viking PROPN Number=Plur 3 carved nsubj 3 carved carve VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 runes rune NOUN Number=Plur 3 carved obj 5 on on ADP _ 6 stones case 6 stones stone NOUN Number=Plur 3 carved obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 carved punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 carve past the Vikings runes stones vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent rune=Theme on stone=Destination
Example 2 We wrote our names in runes in history class.
nsubj nmod:poss obj case obl case compound nmod punct root We PRON wrote VERB our PRON names NOUN in ADP runes NOUN in ADP history NOUN class NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 wrote nsubj 2 wrote write VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 names nmod:poss 4 names name NOUN Number=Plur 2 wrote obj 5 in in ADP _ 6 runes case 6 runes rune NOUN Number=Plur 2 wrote obl 7 in in ADP _ 9 class case 8 history history NOUN Number=Sing 9 class compound 9 class class NOUN Number=Sing 6 runes nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 wrote punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 write past We our names runes in history class vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent name=Theme in rune=Destination 2 name our nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Example 3 The runes on the old sword glowed in the story.
det case det amod nmod acl case det obl punct root The DET runes NOUN on ADP the DET old ADJ sword NOUN glowed VERB in ADP the DET story NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 runes det 2 runes rune NOUN Number=Plur root root 3 on on ADP _ 6 sword case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 sword det 5 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 6 sword amod 6 sword sword NOUN Number=Sing 2 runes nmod 7 glowed glow VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 sword acl 8 in in ADP _ 10 story case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 story det 10 story story NOUN Number=Sing 7 glowed obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 runes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 glow participle the old sword not said here the story vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in story=Location
Example 4 Rune stones can still be seen in Sweden.
compound nsubj:pass aux advmod aux:pass case obl punct root Rune NOUN stones NOUN can AUX still ADV be AUX seen VERB in ADP Sweden PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Rune rune NOUN Number=Sing 2 stones compound 2 stones stone NOUN Number=Plur 6 seen nsubj:pass 3 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 6 seen aux 4 still still ADV _ 6 seen advmod 5 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 6 seen aux:pass 6 seen see VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 7 in in ADP _ 8 Sweden case 8 Sweden Sweden PROPN Number=Sing 6 seen obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 6 seen punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 see can · passive Rune stones Sweden still vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus
Example 5 The wizard read the runes in his spell book.
det nsubj det obj case nmod:poss compound obl punct root The DET wizard NOUN read VERB the DET runes NOUN in ADP his PRON spell NOUN book NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 wizard det 2 wizard wizard NOUN Number=Sing 3 read nsubj 3 read read VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 runes det 5 runes rune NOUN Number=Plur 3 read obj 6 in in ADP _ 9 book case 7 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 book nmod:poss 8 spell spell NOUN Number=Sing 9 book compound 9 book book NOUN Number=Sing 3 read obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 read punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 read past the wizard the runes wizard's spell book vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rune=Topic
Example 6 Some runes look like straight lines and arrows because they were easy to carve.
The tree, 14 words det nsubj case amod obl cc conj mark nsubj cop advcl mark xcomp punct root Some DET runes NOUN look VERB like ADP straight ADJ lines NOUN and CCONJ arrows NOUN because SCONJ they PRON were AUX easy ADJ to PART carve VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Some some DET PronType=Ind 2 runes det 2 runes rune NOUN Number=Plur 3 look nsubj 3 look look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 like like ADP _ 6 lines case 5 straight straight ADJ Degree=Pos 6 lines amod 6 lines line NOUN Number=Plur 3 look obl 7 and and CCONJ _ 8 arrows cc 8 arrows arrow NOUN Number=Plur 6 lines conj 9 because because SCONJ _ 12 easy mark 10 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 easy nsubj 11 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 12 easy cop 12 easy easy ADJ Degree=Pos 3 look advcl 13 to to PART _ 14 carve mark 14 carve carve VERB VerbForm=Inf 12 easy xcomp 15 . . PUNCT _ 3 look punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look present some runes like straight lines and arrows vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus 2 is past runes = rune easy property tree rules 3 carve to-infinitive runes = rune not said here vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 7 Into this his wife laid one of the logs he had cut, and began swinging it, crooning the while a rune beginning
The tree, 22 words case det nmod:poss obl obj case det nmod nsubj aux acl:relcl punct cc conj xcomp obj punct xcomp obj mark det compound advcl root Into ADP this DET his PRON wife NOUN laid VERB one NUM of ADP the DET logs NOUN he PRON had AUX cut VERB , PUNCT and CCONJ began VERB swinging VERB it PRON , PUNCT crooning VERB the DET while SCONJ a DET rune NOUN beginning NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Into into ADP _ 4 wife case 2 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 4 wife det 3 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 wife nmod:poss 4 wife wife NOUN Number=Sing 5 laid obl 5 laid lay VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 5 laid obj 7 of of ADP _ 9 logs case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 logs det 9 logs log NOUN Number=Plur 6 one nmod 10 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 cut nsubj 11 had have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 12 cut aux 12 cut cut VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 9 logs acl:relcl 13 , , PUNCT _ 15 began punct 14 and and CCONJ _ 15 began cc 15 began begin VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 laid conj 16 swinging swing VERB VerbForm=Ger 15 began xcomp 17 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 16 swinging obj 18 , , PUNCT _ 19 crooning punct 19 crooning croon VERB VerbForm=Ger 15 began xcomp 20 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 19 crooning obj 21 while while SCONJ _ 24 beginning mark 22 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 24 beginning det 23 rune rune NOUN Number=Sing 24 beginning compound 24 beginning beginning NOUN Number=Sing 19 crooning advcl
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lay past one of the logs into his wife vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Result 2 cut past · perfect he the logs not said here vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent log=Product 3 begin past vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality 4 swing gerund it vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent it=Theme 5 croon speech: other gerund the vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent the=Topic
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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