sad Who acts: Sad, you, I, goldfish, She, 's · What happens: mean, feel, want, cry, make, be · To what, where: sorrow, you, 's, saddest film, friends, sad face · Speech: someone speaks here
«sad» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: sad in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Sad means unhappy, feeling sorrow, often wanting to cry.
nsubj xcomp punct conj obj punct advmod conj mark xcomp punct root Sad ADJ means VERB unhappy ADJ , PUNCT feeling VERB sorrow NOUN , PUNCT often ADV wanting VERB to PART cry VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sad sad ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 unhappy unhappy ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means xcomp 4 , , PUNCT _ 5 feeling punct 5 feeling feel VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 means conj 6 sorrow sorrow NOUN Number=Sing 5 feeling obj 7 , , PUNCT _ 9 wanting punct 8 often often ADV _ 9 wanting advmod 9 wanting want VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 5 feeling conj 10 to to PART _ 11 cry mark 11 cry cry VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 wanting xcomp 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Sad unhappy property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 2 feel gerund Sad not said here sorrow vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sorrow=Theme 3 want gerund Sad not said here often property vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme 4 cry speech: express not said to happen to-infinitive Sad not said here vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Sad means making you feel unhappy: sad news, a sad film.
nsubj xcomp obj xcomp xcomp punct amod parataxis punct det amod conj punct root Sad ADJ means VERB making VERB you PRON feel VERB unhappy ADJ : PUNCT sad ADJ news NOUN , PUNCT a DET sad ADJ film NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sad sad ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 making make VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 means xcomp 4 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 making obj 5 feel feel VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 making xcomp 6 unhappy unhappy ADJ Degree=Pos 5 feel xcomp 7 : : PUNCT _ 9 news punct 8 sad sad ADJ Degree=Pos 9 news amod 9 news news NOUN Number=Sing 2 means parataxis 10 , , PUNCT _ 13 film punct 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 film det 12 sad sad ADJ Degree=Pos 13 film amod 13 film film NOUN Number=Sing 9 news conj 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Sad vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 make not said to happen gerund Sad not said here you tree rules 3 feel not said to happen infinitive you not said here unhappy property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
Meaning 3 Sad (informal) can mean boring or embarrassing — can be unkind.
nsubj punct conj punct aux xcomp cc conj punct aux cop conj punct root Sad ADJ ( PUNCT informal ADJ ) PUNCT can AUX mean VERB boring ADJ or CCONJ embarrassing ADJ — PUNCT can AUX be AUX unkind ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sad sad ADJ Degree=Pos 6 mean nsubj 2 ( ( PUNCT _ 3 informal punct 3 informal informal ADJ Degree=Pos 1 Sad conj 4 ) ) PUNCT _ 3 informal punct 5 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 6 mean aux 6 mean mean VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 boring boring ADJ Degree=Pos 6 mean xcomp 8 or or CCONJ _ 9 embarrassing cc 9 embarrassing embarrassing ADJ Degree=Pos 7 boring conj 10 — - PUNCT _ 13 unkind punct 11 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 13 unkind aux 12 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 13 unkind cop 13 unkind unkind ADJ Degree=Pos 6 mean conj 14 . . PUNCT _ 6 mean punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean can Sad boring property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 2 is can Sad not said here unkind property tree rules
Example 1 I felt sad when my goldfish died.
nsubj xcomp mark nmod:poss nsubj advcl punct root I PRON felt VERB sad ADJ when SCONJ my PRON goldfish NOUN died VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 felt nsubj 2 felt feel VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 sad sad ADJ Degree=Pos 2 felt xcomp 4 when when SCONJ _ 7 died mark 5 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 goldfish nmod:poss 6 goldfish goldfish NOUN Number=Sing 7 died nsubj 7 died die VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 felt advcl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 felt punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 feel past I sad property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus 2 die past my goldfish vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute
Example 2 She looks sad — let's ask if she's okay.
nsubj xcomp punct conj obj xcomp mark nsubj cop ccomp punct root She PRON looks VERB sad ADJ — PUNCT let VERB 's PRON ask VERB if SCONJ she PRON 's AUX okay ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 looks nsubj 2 looks look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 sad sad ADJ Degree=Pos 2 looks xcomp 4 — - PUNCT _ 5 let punct 5 let let VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 looks conj 6 's we PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 5 let obj 7 ask ask VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 let xcomp 8 if if SCONJ _ 11 okay mark 9 she she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 okay nsubj 10 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 okay cop 11 okay okay ADJ Degree=Pos 7 ask ccomp 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 looks punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look present She sad property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus 2 let infinitive She not said here 's tree rules 3 ask speech: ask infinitive 's not said here vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 is a condition, not said to happen present she okay property tree rules
Example 3 This is the saddest film I've seen.
nsubj cop det amod nsubj aux acl:relcl punct root This PRON is AUX the DET saddest ADJ film NOUN I PRON 've AUX seen VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 This this PRON Number=Sing PronType=Dem 5 film nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 film cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 film det 4 saddest sad ADJ Degree=Sup 5 film amod 5 film film NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 8 seen nsubj 7 've have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 seen aux 8 seen see VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 5 film acl:relcl 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 film punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present This the saddest film tree rules 2 see present · perfect I the saddest film not said here vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer film=Stimulus
Example 4 It's sad that the park is closing.
nsubj cop mark det nsubj aux advcl punct root It PRON 's AUX sad ADJ that SCONJ the DET park NOUN is AUX closing VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 sad nsubj 2 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 sad cop 3 sad sad ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 that that SCONJ _ 8 closing mark 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 park det 6 park park NOUN Number=Sing 8 closing nsubj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 closing aux 8 closing close VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 sad advcl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 sad punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present It sad property tree rules 2 close present · progressive the park vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 5 He was sad about leaving his friends.
nsubj cop mark advcl nmod:poss obj punct root He PRON was AUX sad ADJ about SCONJ leaving VERB his PRON friends NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 sad nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 sad cop 3 sad sad ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 about about SCONJ _ 5 leaving mark 5 leaving leave VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 sad advcl 6 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 friends nmod:poss 7 friends friend NOUN Number=Plur 5 leaving obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 sad punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past He sad property tree rules 2 leave gerund He not said here his friends vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent friend=Theme
Example 6 It's okay to be sad sometimes.
nsubj cop mark cop csubj advmod punct root It PRON 's AUX okay ADJ to PART be AUX sad ADJ sometimes ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 okay nsubj 2 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 okay cop 3 okay okay ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 to to PART _ 6 sad mark 5 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 6 sad cop 6 sad sad ADJ Degree=Pos 3 okay csubj 7 sometimes sometimes ADV PronType=Ind 6 sad advmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 okay punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present It okay property tree rules 2 is to-infinitive sad, sometimes property tree rules
Example 7 Draw a sad face and a happy face.
det amod obj cc det amod conj punct root Draw VERB a DET sad ADJ face NOUN and CCONJ a DET happy ADJ face NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Draw draw VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 face det 3 sad sad ADJ Degree=Pos 4 face amod 4 face face NOUN Number=Sing 1 Draw obj 5 and and CCONJ _ 8 face cc 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 face det 7 happy happy ADJ Degree=Pos 8 face amod 8 face face NOUN Number=Sing 4 face conj 9 . . PUNCT _ 1 Draw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 draw imperative you not said here a sad face and a happy face vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent face=Theme
Example 8 Sad to say, we lost the match.
advcl mark punct nsubj ccomp det obj punct root Sad ADJ to PART say VERB , PUNCT we PRON lost VERB the DET match NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sad sad ADJ Degree=Pos 3 say advcl 2 to to PART _ 3 say mark 3 say say VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 , , PUNCT _ 6 lost punct 5 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 6 lost nsubj 6 lost lose VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 say ccomp 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 match det 8 match match NOUN Number=Sing 6 lost obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 say punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert to-infinitive vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 lose past we the match vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent match=Eventuality
Example 9 This made the boy very sad.
nsubj det obj advmod xcomp punct root This PRON made VERB the DET boy NOUN very ADV sad ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 This this PRON Number=Sing PronType=Dem 2 made nsubj 2 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 boy det 4 boy boy NOUN Number=Sing 2 made obj 5 very very ADV _ 6 sad advmod 6 sad sad ADJ Degree=Pos 2 made xcomp 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past This the boy sad property vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset boy=Product
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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