sadden

Who acts: you, teacher, It, people, news, loss · What happens: make, feel, become, sadden, hear, leave · To what, where: someone, We, me, litter, whole town, school

«sadden» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: sadden in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

To make someone feel sad.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 make	mark
2	make	make	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 feel	advcl
3	someone	someone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	2 make	obj
4	feel	feel	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	sad	sad	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 feel	xcomp
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 feel	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	to-infinitive	you not said here	someone					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset someone=Product
2	feel	imperative	you not said here					sad property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Usage: old — kept apart, not parsed.

To become sad.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 become	mark
2	become	become	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	sad	sad	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 become	xcomp
4	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 sad	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	become	to-infinitive						sad property	vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient

Example 1

We were saddened to hear that our teacher was leaving.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	3 saddened	nsubj:pass
2	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 saddened	aux:pass
3	saddened	sadden	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	to	to	PART	_	5 hear	mark
5	hear	hear	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 saddened	xcomp
6	that	that	SCONJ	_	10 leaving	mark
7	our	our	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	8 teacher	nmod:poss
8	teacher	teacher	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 leaving	nsubj
9	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	10 leaving	aux
10	leaving	leave	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	5 hear	advcl
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 saddened	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	sadden	past · passive		We	tree rules
2	hear	to-infinitive			vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer
3	leave	past · progressive	our teacher		vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 2

It saddens me when people drop litter.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 saddens	nsubj
2	saddens	sadden	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	me	I	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 saddens	obj
4	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	6 drop	advmod
5	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 drop	nsubj
6	drop	drop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 saddens	advcl
7	litter	litter	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 drop	obj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 saddens	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sadden	present	It	me					vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus i=Experiencer
2	drop	present	people	litter					vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent litter=Theme

Example 3

The news of the fire saddened the whole town.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 news	det
2	news	news	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 saddened	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 fire	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 fire	det
5	fire	fire	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 news	nmod
6	saddened	sadden	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 town	det
8	whole	whole	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 town	amod
9	town	town	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 saddened	obj
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 saddened	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sadden	past	the news of the fire	the whole town					vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus town=Experiencer

Example 4

The school was deeply saddened by the loss of a pupil.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 school	det
2	school	school	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 saddened	nsubj:pass
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 saddened	aux:pass
4	deeply	deeply	ADV	_	5 saddened	advmod
5	saddened	sadden	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	by	by	ADP	_	8 loss	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 loss	det
8	loss	loss	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 saddened	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 pupil	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 pupil	det
11	pupil	pupil	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 loss	nmod
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 saddened	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sadden	past · passive	the loss of a pupil	the school				deeply property	vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus subject=Experiencer

Example 5

Her tears saddened her little brother.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 tears	nmod:poss
2	tears	tear	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 saddened	nsubj
3	saddened	sadden	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 brother	nmod:poss
5	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 brother	amod
6	brother	brother	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 saddened	obj
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 saddened	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sadden	past	Her tears	her little brother					vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus brother=Experiencer

Example 6

The end of the film saddened everyone.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 end	det
2	end	end	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 saddened	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 film	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 film	det
5	film	film	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 end	nmod
6	saddened	sadden	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	everyone	everyone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Tot	6 saddened	obj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 saddened	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sadden	past	the end of the film	everyone					vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus everyone=Experiencer

Example 7

The days passed slowly to Muffette, in spite of her brave efforts to occupy herself and not to sadden other people by her complaints.

The tree, 24 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 days	det
2	days	day	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 passed	nsubj
3	passed	pass	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	slowly	slowly	ADV	_	3 passed	advmod
5	to	to	ADP	_	6 Muffette	case
6	Muffette	Muffette	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 passed	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 spite	punct
8	in	in	ADP	_	9 spite	case
9	spite	spite	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 passed	obl
10	of	of	ADP	_	13 efforts	case
11	her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	13 efforts	nmod:poss
12	brave	brave	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 efforts	amod
13	efforts	effort	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 spite	nmod
14	to	to	PART	_	15 occupy	mark
15	occupy	occupy	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 passed	advcl
16	herself	herself	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	15 occupy	obj
17	and	and	CCONJ	_	20 sadden	cc
18	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	20 sadden	advmod
19	to	to	PART	_	20 sadden	mark
20	sadden	sadden	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	15 occupy	conj
21	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	22 people	amod
22	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 sadden	obj
23	by	by	ADP	_	25 complaints	case
24	her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	25 complaints	nmod:poss
25	complaints	complaint	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 sadden	obl
26	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 passed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	other	roles by
1	pass	past	the days		Muffette	spite of Muffette's brave efforts	slowly property	vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in spite=Location
2	occupy	to-infinitive	the days not said here	Muffette				vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus herself=Experiencer
3	not sadden	to-infinitive	the days not said here	other people			by Muffette's complaints	vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus people=Experiencer
4	spite			Muffette's brave efforts				nom spite «feeling transitive»: of=patient
5	complain		Muffette					nom complaint «state intransitive»: poss=agent

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/S/sadden/