shadow Who acts: shadow, something, light, their, person, My · What happens: be, make, block, not reach, learn, job · To what, where: dark shape, surface, light, area, job, person
«shadow» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: shadow in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A shadow is a dark shape made on a surface when something blocks the light.
The tree, 15 words det nsubj cop det amod acl case det obl mark nsubj advcl det obj punct root A DET shadow NOUN is AUX a DET dark ADJ shape NOUN made VERB on ADP a DET surface NOUN when SCONJ something PRON blocks VERB the DET light NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 shadow det 2 shadow shadow NOUN Number=Sing 6 shape nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 shape cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 shape det 5 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 6 shape amod 6 shape shape NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 shape acl 8 on on ADP _ 10 surface case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 surface det 10 surface surface NOUN Number=Sing 7 made obl 11 when when SCONJ _ 13 blocks mark 12 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 13 blocks nsubj 13 blocks block VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 made advcl 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 light det 15 light light NOUN Number=Sing 13 blocks obj 16 . . PUNCT _ 6 shape punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a shadow a dark shape tree rules 2 make participle a dark shape not said here a surface vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset 3 block present something the light vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer light=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Shadow is an area of darkness where light does not reach.
nsubj cop det case nmod advmod nsubj aux advmod acl:relcl punct root Shadow NOUN is AUX an DET area NOUN of ADP darkness NOUN where ADV light NOUN does AUX not PART reach VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Shadow shadow NOUN Number=Sing 4 area nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 area cop 3 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 area det 4 area area NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 of of ADP _ 6 darkness case 6 darkness darkness NOUN Number=Sing 4 area nmod 7 where where ADV PronType=Rel 11 reach advmod 8 light light NOUN Number=Sing 11 reach nsubj 9 does do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 reach aux 10 not not PART Polarity=Neg 11 reach advmod 11 reach reach VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 darkness acl:relcl 12 . . PUNCT _ 4 area punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Shadow a area of darkness tree rules 2 not reach present · do-support light vn body_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Meaning 3 To shadow someone is to follow them closely, often to learn their job.
The tree, 13 words mark obl compound cop mark obj advmod punct advmod mark conj nmod:poss obj punct root To PART shadow NOUN someone PRON is AUX to PART follow VERB them PRON closely ADV , PUNCT often ADV to PART learn VERB their PRON job NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 shadow mark 2 shadow shadow NOUN Number=Sing 6 follow obl 3 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 shadow compound 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 follow cop 5 to to PART _ 6 follow mark 6 follow follow VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 7 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 follow obj 8 closely closely ADV _ 6 follow advmod 9 , , PUNCT _ 12 learn punct 10 often often ADV _ 12 learn advmod 11 to to PART _ 12 learn mark 12 learn learn VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 6 follow conj 13 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 14 job nmod:poss 14 job job NOUN Number=Sing 12 learn obj 15 . . PUNCT _ 6 follow punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present shadow obl ; closely, follow property tree rules 2 learn to-infinitive their job often property vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Topic 3 job their = they nom job «act intransitive»: poss=agent
Meaning 4 A shadow can also be a person who follows someone everywhere, staying close to them.
The tree, 15 words det nsubj aux advmod cop det nsubj acl:relcl obj advmod punct advcl advmod case obl punct root A DET shadow NOUN can AUX also ADV be AUX a DET person NOUN who PRON follows VERB someone PRON everywhere ADV , PUNCT staying VERB close ADV to ADP them PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 shadow det 2 shadow shadow NOUN Number=Sing 7 person nsubj 3 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 7 person aux 4 also also ADV _ 7 person advmod 5 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 7 person cop 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 person det 7 person person NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 who who PRON PronType=Rel 9 follows nsubj 9 follows follow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 person acl:relcl 10 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 9 follows obj 11 everywhere everywhere ADV PronType=Tot 9 follows advmod 12 , , PUNCT _ 13 staying punct 13 staying stay VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 9 follows advcl 14 close close ADV Degree=Pos 13 staying advmod 15 to to ADP _ 16 them case 16 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 13 staying obl 17 . . PUNCT _ 7 person punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a can a shadow a person tree rules 2 follow present a person someone everywhere property vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent someone=Theme 3 stay gerund a person not said here them = they close property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 1 My shadow follows me on a sunny day.
nmod:poss nsubj obj case det amod obl punct root My PRON shadow NOUN follows VERB me PRON on ADP a DET sunny ADJ day NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 shadow nmod:poss 2 shadow shadow NOUN Number=Sing 3 follows nsubj 3 follows follow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 follows obj 5 on on ADP _ 8 day case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 day det 7 sunny sunny ADJ Degree=Pos 8 day amod 8 day day NOUN Number=Sing 3 follows obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 follows punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 follow present My shadow me day vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme 2 shadow My nom shadow «state transitive»: poss=agent
Example 2 At noon our shadows are short.
case obl nmod:poss nsubj cop punct root At ADP noon NOUN our PRON shadows NOUN are AUX short ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 At at ADP _ 2 noon case 2 noon noon NOUN Number=Sing 6 short obl 3 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 shadows nmod:poss 4 shadows shadow NOUN Number=Plur 6 short nsubj 5 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 short cop 6 short short ADJ Degree=Pos root root 7 . . PUNCT _ 6 short punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present our shadows noon short property tree rules 2 shadow our nom shadow «state transitive»: poss=agent
Example 3 We made animal shadows with our hands.
nsubj compound obj case nmod:poss obl punct root We PRON made VERB animal NOUN shadows NOUN with ADP our PRON hands NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 made nsubj 2 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 animal animal NOUN Number=Sing 4 shadows compound 4 shadows shadow NOUN Number=Plur 2 made obj 5 with with ADP _ 7 hands case 6 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 hands nmod:poss 7 hands hand NOUN Number=Plur 2 made obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past We animal shadows with our hands vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shadow=Product
Example 4 The cat sat in the shadow of the tree.
det nsubj case det obl case det nmod punct root The DET cat NOUN sat VERB in ADP the DET shadow NOUN of ADP the DET tree NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 cat det 2 cat cat NOUN Number=Sing 3 sat nsubj 3 sat sit VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 in in ADP _ 6 shadow case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 shadow det 6 shadow shadow NOUN Number=Sing 3 sat obl 7 of of ADP _ 9 tree case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 tree det 9 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 6 shadow nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 sat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sit past the cat the shadow of the tree vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in shadow=Location 2 shadow the tree nom shadow «state transitive»: of=patient
Example 5 A shadow forms when light is blocked.
det nsubj mark nsubj:pass aux:pass advcl punct root A DET shadow NOUN forms VERB when SCONJ light NOUN is AUX blocked VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 shadow det 2 shadow shadow NOUN Number=Sing 3 forms nsubj 3 forms form VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 when when SCONJ _ 7 blocked mark 5 light light NOUN Number=Sing 7 blocked nsubj:pass 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 blocked aux:pass 7 blocked block VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 forms advcl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 forms punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 form present a shadow vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 block present · passive light vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
Example 6 Shadows are longer in the evening.
nsubj cop advmod case det punct root Shadows NOUN are AUX longer ADV in ADP the DET evening NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Shadows shadow NOUN Number=Plur 6 evening nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 evening cop 3 longer long ADV Degree=Cmp 6 evening advmod 4 in in ADP _ 6 evening case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 evening det 6 evening evening NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 . . PUNCT _ 6 evening punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Shadows in the evening long property tree rules
Example 7 The new pupil shadowed a buddy on her first day.
det amod nsubj det obj case nmod:poss amod obl punct root The DET new ADJ pupil NOUN shadowed VERB a DET buddy NOUN on ADP her PRON first ADJ day NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 pupil det 2 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 3 pupil amod 3 pupil pupil NOUN Number=Sing 4 shadowed nsubj 4 shadowed shadow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 buddy det 6 buddy buddy NOUN Number=Sing 4 shadowed obj 7 on on ADP _ 10 day case 8 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 10 day nmod:poss 9 first first ADJ Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 10 day amod 10 day day NOUN Number=Sing 4 shadowed obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 4 shadowed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 shadow past the new pupil a buddy day vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent buddy=Theme
Example 8 Without a shadow of a doubt, she is the fastest runner.
case det obl case det nmod punct nsubj cop det amod punct root Without ADP a DET shadow NOUN of ADP a DET doubt NOUN , PUNCT she PRON is AUX the DET fastest ADJ runner NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Without without ADP _ 3 shadow case 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 shadow det 3 shadow shadow NOUN Number=Sing 12 runner obl 4 of of ADP _ 6 doubt case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 doubt det 6 doubt doubt NOUN Number=Sing 3 shadow nmod 7 , , PUNCT _ 3 shadow punct 8 she she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 runner nsubj 9 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 runner cop 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 runner det 11 fastest fast ADJ Degree=Sup 12 runner amod 12 runner runner NOUN Number=Sing root root 13 . . PUNCT _ 12 runner punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present she the fastest runner without a shadow of a doubt tree rules 2 shadow a doubt nom shadow «state transitive»: of=patient
Example 9 Will you go with me, as shadow?
aux nsubj case obl punct case parataxis punct root Will AUX you PRON go VERB with ADP me PRON , PUNCT as ADP shadow NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Will will AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 go aux 2 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 go nsubj 3 go go VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 with with ADP _ 5 me case 5 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 go obl 6 , , PUNCT _ 8 shadow punct 7 as as ADP _ 8 shadow case 8 shadow shadow NOUN Number=Sing 3 go parataxis 9 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 go punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go future you with me vn help-72.1-2 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent with i=Beneficiary
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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