shaft Who acts: shaft, long narrow hole, light, rod, miners, arrow · What happens: be, go, shine, turn, pass, harness · To what, where: long narrow hole, long thin straight part, narrow beam, gap, rod, machines · Speech: someone speaks here
«shaft» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: shaft in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A shaft is a long, narrow hole that goes straight down or up, such as a mine shaft or a lift shaft.
The tree, 22 words det nsubj cop det amod punct amod nsubj acl:relcl advmod advmod cc conj punct case fixed det compound parataxis cc det compound conj punct root A DET shaft NOUN is AUX a DET long ADJ , PUNCT narrow ADJ hole NOUN that PRON goes VERB straight ADV down ADV or CCONJ up ADV , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP a DET mine NOUN shaft NOUN or CCONJ a DET lift NOUN shaft NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 shaft det 2 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 8 hole nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 hole cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 hole det 5 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 8 hole amod 6 , , PUNCT _ 5 long punct 7 narrow narrow ADJ Degree=Pos 8 hole amod 8 hole hole NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 that that PRON PronType=Rel 10 goes nsubj 10 goes go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 hole acl:relcl 11 straight straight ADV _ 12 down advmod 12 down down ADV _ 10 goes advmod 13 or or CCONJ _ 14 up cc 14 up up ADV _ 12 down conj 15 , , PUNCT _ 20 shaft punct 16 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 20 shaft case 17 as as ADP _ 16 such fixed 18 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 20 shaft det 19 mine mine NOUN Number=Sing 20 shaft compound 20 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 8 hole parataxis 21 or or CCONJ _ 24 shaft cc 22 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 24 shaft det 23 lift lift NOUN Number=Sing 24 shaft compound 24 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 20 shaft conj 25 . . PUNCT _ 8 hole punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a shaft a long narrow hole tree rules 2 go present a long narrow hole down property vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A shaft is the long, thin straight part of a tool, arrow, spear or golf club.
The tree, 16 words det nsubj cop det amod punct amod amod case det nmod punct conj punct conj cc compound conj punct root A DET shaft NOUN is AUX the DET long ADJ , PUNCT thin ADJ straight ADJ part NOUN of ADP a DET tool NOUN , PUNCT arrow NOUN , PUNCT spear NOUN or CCONJ golf NOUN club NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 shaft det 2 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 9 part nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 part cop 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 part det 5 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 9 part amod 6 , , PUNCT _ 5 long punct 7 thin thin ADJ Degree=Pos 9 part amod 8 straight straight ADJ Degree=Pos 9 part amod 9 part part NOUN Number=Sing root root 10 of of ADP _ 12 tool case 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 tool det 12 tool tool NOUN Number=Sing 9 part nmod 13 , , PUNCT _ 14 arrow punct 14 arrow arrow NOUN Number=Sing 12 tool conj 15 , , PUNCT _ 16 spear punct 16 spear spear NOUN Number=Sing 12 tool conj 17 or or CCONJ _ 19 club cc 18 golf golf NOUN Number=Sing 19 club compound 19 club club NOUN Number=Sing 12 tool conj 20 . . PUNCT _ 9 part punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a shaft the long thin straight part of a tool and arrow and spear or golf club tree rules
Meaning 3 A shaft of light is a narrow beam of light shining through a gap.
The tree, 14 words det nsubj case nmod cop det amod case nmod acl case det obl punct root A DET shaft NOUN of ADP light NOUN is AUX a DET narrow ADJ beam NOUN of ADP light NOUN shining VERB through ADP a DET gap NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 shaft det 2 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 8 beam nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 4 light case 4 light light NOUN Number=Sing 2 shaft nmod 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 beam cop 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 beam det 7 narrow narrow ADJ Degree=Pos 8 beam amod 8 beam beam NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 of of ADP _ 10 light case 10 light light NOUN Number=Sing 8 beam nmod 11 shining shine VERB VerbForm=Ger 10 light acl 12 through through ADP _ 14 gap case 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 gap det 14 gap gap NOUN Number=Sing 11 shining obl 15 . . PUNCT _ 8 beam punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a shaft of light a narrow beam of light tree rules 2 shine gerund light not said here a gap vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through gap=Location
Meaning 4 In machines, a shaft is a rod that turns and passes on movement, like the shaft in a car.
The tree, 19 words case obl punct det nsubj cop det nsubj acl:relcl cc conj case obl punct case det appos case det nmod punct root In ADP machines NOUN , PUNCT a DET shaft NOUN is AUX a DET rod NOUN that PRON turns VERB and CCONJ passes VERB on ADP movement NOUN , PUNCT like ADP the DET shaft NOUN in ADP a DET car NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 2 machines case 2 machines machine NOUN Number=Plur 8 rod obl 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 machines punct 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 shaft det 5 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 8 rod nsubj 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 rod cop 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 rod det 8 rod rod NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 that that PRON PronType=Rel 10 turns nsubj 10 turns turn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 rod acl:relcl 11 and and CCONJ _ 12 passes cc 12 passes pass VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 turns conj 13 on on ADP _ 14 movement case 14 movement movement NOUN Number=Sing 12 passes obl 15 , , PUNCT _ 18 shaft punct 16 like like ADP _ 18 shaft case 17 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 18 shaft det 18 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 14 movement appos 19 in in ADP _ 21 car case 20 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 21 car det 21 car car NOUN Number=Sing 18 shaft nmod 22 . . PUNCT _ 8 rod punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a shaft a rod machines tree rules 2 turn present a rod vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme 3 pass present a rod not said here movement vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on movement=Location
Meaning 5 A shaft can also be one of the two long poles on a cart, between which a horse is harnessed.
The tree, 20 words det nsubj aux advmod cop case det nummod amod nmod case det nmod punct case obl det nsubj:pass aux:pass conj punct root A DET shaft NOUN can AUX also ADV be AUX one NUM of ADP the DET two NUM long ADJ poles NOUN on ADP a DET cart NOUN , PUNCT between ADP which PRON a DET horse NOUN is AUX harnessed VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 shaft det 2 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 6 one nsubj 3 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 6 one aux 4 also also ADV _ 6 one advmod 5 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 6 one cop 6 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card root root 7 of of ADP _ 11 poles case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 poles det 9 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 11 poles nummod 10 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 11 poles amod 11 poles pole NOUN Number=Plur 6 one nmod 12 on on ADP _ 14 cart case 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 cart det 14 cart cart NOUN Number=Sing 11 poles nmod 15 , , PUNCT _ 21 harnessed punct 16 between between ADP _ 17 which case 17 which which PRON PronType=Rel 21 harnessed obl 18 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 19 horse det 19 horse horse NOUN Number=Sing 21 harnessed nsubj:pass 20 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 21 harnessed aux:pass 21 harnessed harness VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 11 poles conj 22 . . PUNCT _ 6 one punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a can a shaft one of the two long poles on a cart tree rules 2 harness present · passive a horse between the two long poles on a cart vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: subject=Destination
Example 1 The miners went down the shaft in a metal cage.
det nsubj case det obl case det compound obl punct root The DET miners NOUN went VERB down ADP the DET shaft NOUN in ADP a DET metal NOUN cage NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 miners det 2 miners miner NOUN Number=Plur 3 went nsubj 3 went go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 down down ADP _ 6 shaft case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 shaft det 6 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 3 went obl 7 in in ADP _ 10 cage case 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 cage det 9 metal metal NOUN Number=Sing 10 cage compound 10 cage cage NOUN Number=Sing 3 went obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 went punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go down past the miners the shaft in a metal cage vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.attribute NP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient shaft=Extent in cage=Attribute
Example 2 A shaft of sunlight came through the gap in the curtains.
det nsubj case nmod case det obl case det nmod punct root A DET shaft NOUN of ADP sunlight NOUN came VERB through ADP the DET gap NOUN in ADP the DET curtains NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 shaft det 2 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 5 came nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 4 sunlight case 4 sunlight sunlight NOUN Number=Sing 2 shaft nmod 5 came come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 through through ADP _ 8 gap case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 gap det 8 gap gap NOUN Number=Sing 5 came obl 9 in in ADP _ 11 curtains case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 curtains det 11 curtains curtain NOUN Number=Plur 8 gap nmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 5 came punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 come past a shaft of sunlight the gap in the curtains vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme through gap=Initial_Location
Example 3 The arrow had a wooden shaft and a sharp tip.
det nsubj det amod obj cc det amod conj punct root The DET arrow NOUN had VERB a DET wooden ADJ shaft NOUN and CCONJ a DET sharp ADJ tip NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 arrow det 2 arrow arrow NOUN Number=Sing 3 had nsubj 3 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 shaft det 5 wooden wooden ADJ Degree=Pos 6 shaft amod 6 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 3 had obj 7 and and CCONJ _ 10 tip cc 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 tip det 9 sharp sharp ADJ Degree=Pos 10 tip amod 10 tip tip NOUN Number=Sing 6 shaft conj 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past the arrow a wooden shaft and a sharp tip vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shaft=Patient
Example 4 The lift shaft runs from the basement to the top floor.
det compound nsubj case det obl case det amod obl punct root The DET lift NOUN shaft NOUN runs VERB from ADP the DET basement NOUN to ADP the DET top ADJ floor NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 shaft det 2 lift lift NOUN Number=Sing 3 shaft compound 3 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 4 runs nsubj 4 runs run VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 from from ADP _ 7 basement case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 basement det 7 basement basement NOUN Number=Sing 4 runs obl 8 to to ADP _ 11 floor case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 floor det 10 top top ADJ Degree=Pos 11 floor amod 11 floor floor NOUN Number=Sing 4 runs obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 4 runs punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 run present the lift shaft the basement to the top floor result vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to floor=Result
Example 5 Keep away from old mine shafts; they can be very deep.
advmod case amod compound obl punct nsubj aux cop advmod parataxis punct root Keep VERB away ADV from ADP old ADJ mine NOUN shafts NOUN ; PUNCT they PRON can AUX be AUX very ADV deep ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Keep keep VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 away away ADV _ 1 Keep advmod 3 from from ADP _ 6 shafts case 4 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 6 shafts amod 5 mine mine NOUN Number=Sing 6 shafts compound 6 shafts shaft NOUN Number=Plur 1 Keep obl 7 ; ; PUNCT _ 12 deep punct 8 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 deep nsubj 9 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 12 deep aux 10 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 12 deep cop 11 very very ADV _ 12 deep advmod 12 deep deep ADJ Degree=Pos 1 Keep parataxis 13 . . PUNCT _ 1 Keep punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 keep away imperative you not said here old mine shafts away property vn forbid-64.4 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Causer from shaft=Eventuality 2 is can shafts = shaft deep property tree rules
Example 6 The motor turns a shaft that spins the wheels.
det nsubj det obj nsubj acl:relcl det obj punct root The DET motor NOUN turns VERB a DET shaft NOUN that PRON spins VERB the DET wheels NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 motor det 2 motor motor NOUN Number=Sing 3 turns nsubj 3 turns turn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 shaft det 5 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 3 turns obj 6 that that PRON PronType=Rel 7 spins nsubj 7 spins spin VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 shaft acl:relcl 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 wheels det 9 wheels wheel NOUN Number=Plur 7 spins obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 turns punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 turn present the motor a shaft vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent shaft=Theme 2 spin present a shaft the wheels vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent wheel=Theme
Example 7 The handle of the hammer is called its shaft.
det nsubj:pass case det nmod aux:pass nmod:poss xcomp punct root The DET handle NOUN of ADP the DET hammer NOUN is AUX called VERB its PRON shaft NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 handle det 2 handle handle NOUN Number=Sing 7 called nsubj:pass 3 of of ADP _ 5 hammer case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 hammer det 5 hammer hammer NOUN Number=Sing 2 handle nmod 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 called aux:pass 7 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 8 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 shaft nmod:poss 9 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 7 called xcomp 10 . . PUNCT _ 7 called punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call present · passive the handle of the hammer vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient
Example 8 The golf club's shaft bent when he hit the tree.
det compound nmod:poss case nsubj advmod nsubj ccomp det obj punct root The DET golf NOUN club NOUN 's PART shaft NOUN bent VERB when ADV he PRON hit VERB the DET tree NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 club det 2 golf golf NOUN Number=Sing 3 club compound 3 club club NOUN Number=Sing 5 shaft nmod:poss 4 's 's PART _ 3 club case 5 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 6 bent nsubj 6 bent bend VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 when when ADV PronType=Int 9 hit advmod 8 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 hit nsubj 9 hit hit VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 bent ccomp 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 tree det 11 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 9 hit obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 6 bent punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 bend past the golf club's shaft tree rules 2 hit past he the tree vn contiguous_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme tree=Co-Theme
Example 9 So of course the townspeople, whenever they wanted a horse shod or a shaft mended, went to the mayor.
The tree, 19 words advmod case fixed det obl punct advmod nsubj acl:relcl det obj xcomp cc det conj acl punct case det obl punct root So ADV of ADP course NOUN the DET townspeople NOUN , PUNCT whenever ADV they PRON wanted VERB a DET horse NOUN shod VERB or CCONJ a DET shaft NOUN mended VERB , PUNCT went VERB to ADP the DET mayor NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 So so ADV _ 18 went advmod 2 of of ADP _ 5 townspeople case 3 course course NOUN Number=Sing 2 of fixed 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 townspeople det 5 townspeople townspeople NOUN Number=Sing 18 went obl 6 , , PUNCT _ 9 wanted punct 7 whenever whenever ADV PronType=Rel 9 wanted advmod 8 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 wanted nsubj 9 wanted want VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 townspeople acl:relcl 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 horse det 11 horse horse NOUN Number=Sing 9 wanted obj 12 shod shoe VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 9 wanted xcomp 13 or or CCONJ _ 15 shaft cc 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 shaft det 15 shaft shaft NOUN Number=Sing 5 townspeople conj 16 mended mend VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 15 shaft acl 17 , , PUNCT _ 5 townspeople punct 18 went go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 19 to to ADP _ 21 mayor case 20 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 21 mayor det 21 mayor mayor NOUN Number=Sing 18 went obl 22 . . PUNCT _ 18 went punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 want past townspeople a horse whenever property tree rules 2 shoe not said to happen participle a horse not said here vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent 3 mend participle a shaft not said here tree rules 4 go past the mayor of the townspeople or a shaft vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme of townspeople=Initial_Location to mayor=Destination
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
← previous shadynext → shaggy↑ back to S in school dictionary This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/S/shaft/