shorten Who acts: Mum, trousers, rain, you, days, winter · What happens: shorten, be, last, come, go, lay · To what, where: something, lesson, word, Ben, trousers, game · Speech: someone speaks here
«shorten» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: shorten in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To shorten something is to make it shorter in length, like shortening trousers or a rope.
The tree, 16 words mark csubj obj cop mark obj xcomp case obl punct case amod obl cc det conj punct root To PART shorten VERB something PRON is AUX to PART make VERB it PRON shorter ADJ in ADP length NOUN , PUNCT like ADP shortening VERB trousers NOUN or CCONJ a DET rope NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 shorten mark 2 shorten shorten VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 make csubj 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 shorten obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 make cop 5 to to PART _ 6 make mark 6 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 make obj 8 shorter short ADJ Degree=Cmp 6 make xcomp 9 in in ADP _ 10 length case 10 length length NOUN Number=Sing 8 shorter obl 11 , , PUNCT _ 14 trousers punct 12 like like ADP _ 14 trousers case 13 shortening shorten VERB VerbForm=Ger 14 trousers amod 14 trousers trousers NOUN Number=Plur 6 make obl 15 or or CCONJ _ 17 rope cc 16 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 17 rope det 17 rope rope NOUN Number=Sing 14 trousers conj 18 . . PUNCT _ 6 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 shorten to-infinitive something vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent something=Patient 2 is present like shortening trousers or a rope; make, short property tree rules 3 shorten gerund vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To shorten something is to make it last less time, like shortening a lesson.
The tree, 14 words mark csubj obj cop mark obj xcomp amod obl:unmarked punct mark advcl det obj punct root To PART shorten VERB something PRON is AUX to PART make VERB it PRON last VERB less ADJ time NOUN , PUNCT like SCONJ shortening VERB a DET lesson NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 shorten mark 2 shorten shorten VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 make csubj 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 shorten obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 make cop 5 to to PART _ 6 make mark 6 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 make obj 8 last last VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 make xcomp 9 less less ADJ Degree=Cmp 10 time amod 10 time time NOUN Number=Sing 8 last obl:unmarked 11 , , PUNCT _ 13 shortening punct 12 like like SCONJ _ 13 shortening mark 13 shortening shorten VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 8 last advcl 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 lesson det 15 lesson lesson NOUN Number=Sing 13 shortening obj 16 . . PUNCT _ 6 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 shorten to-infinitive something vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent something=Patient 2 is present make property tree rules 3 last infinitive time vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme 4 shorten gerund a lesson vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent lesson=Patient
Meaning 3 To shorten a word or name is to make it smaller, like «Benjamin» shortened to «Ben».
The tree, 16 words mark advcl det obj cc conj cop mark obj xcomp punct case punct obl punct parataxis case punct obl punct punct root To PART shorten VERB a DET word NOUN or CCONJ name NOUN is AUX to PART make VERB it PRON smaller ADJ , PUNCT like ADP « PUNCT Benjamin PROPN » PUNCT shortened VERB to ADP « PUNCT Ben PROPN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 shorten mark 2 shorten shorten VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 make advcl 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 word det 4 word word NOUN Number=Sing 2 shorten obj 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 name cc 6 name name NOUN Number=Sing 4 word conj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 make cop 8 to to PART _ 9 make mark 9 make make VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 10 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 make obj 11 smaller small ADJ Degree=Cmp 9 make xcomp 12 , , PUNCT _ 15 Benjamin punct 13 like like ADP _ 15 Benjamin case 14 « « PUNCT _ 15 Benjamin punct 15 Benjamin Benjamin PROPN Number=Sing 9 make obl 16 » » PUNCT _ 17 shortened punct 17 shortened shorten VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 make parataxis 18 to to ADP _ 20 Ben case 19 « « PUNCT _ 20 Ben punct 20 Ben Ben PROPN Number=Sing 17 shortened obl 21 » » PUNCT _ 17 shortened punct 22 . . PUNCT _ 9 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 shorten to-infinitive a word or name vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent word=Patient 2 is present like Benjamin; make, small property tree rules 3 shorten past Ben vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 1 Mum shortened my trousers because they were too long.
nsubj nmod:poss obj mark nsubj cop advmod advmod punct root Mum NOUN shortened VERB my PRON trousers NOUN because SCONJ they PRON were AUX too ADV long ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Mum mum NOUN Number=Sing 2 shortened nsubj 2 shortened shorten VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 trousers nmod:poss 4 trousers trousers NOUN Number=Plur 2 shortened obj 5 because because SCONJ _ 9 long mark 6 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 long nsubj 7 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 long cop 8 too too ADV _ 9 long advmod 9 long long ADV Degree=Pos 2 shortened advmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 shortened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 shorten past Mum my trousers vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent trousers=Patient 2 is past trousers long property tree rules
Example 2 The rain shortened our game by ten minutes.
det nsubj nmod:poss obj case nummod obl punct root The DET rain NOUN shortened VERB our PRON game NOUN by ADP ten NUM minutes NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 rain det 2 rain rain NOUN Number=Sing 3 shortened nsubj 3 shortened shorten VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 game nmod:poss 5 game game NOUN Number=Sing 3 shortened obj 6 by by ADP _ 8 minutes case 7 ten ten NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 8 minutes nummod 8 minutes minute NOUN Number=Plur 3 shortened obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 shortened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 shorten past the rain our game minute vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent game=Patient
Example 3 Can you shorten this sentence?
aux nsubj det obj punct root Can AUX you PRON shorten VERB this DET sentence NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 shorten aux 2 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 shorten nsubj 3 shorten shorten VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 5 sentence det 5 sentence sentence NOUN Number=Sing 3 shorten obj 6 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 shorten punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 shorten can you this sentence vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent sentence=Patient
Example 4 «Elizabeth» is often shortened to «Liz».
punct nsubj:pass punct aux:pass advmod case punct obl punct punct root « PUNCT Elizabeth PROPN » PUNCT is AUX often ADV shortened VERB to ADP « PUNCT Liz PROPN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Elizabeth punct 2 Elizabeth Elizabeth PROPN Number=Sing 6 shortened nsubj:pass 3 » » PUNCT _ 2 Elizabeth punct 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 shortened aux:pass 5 often often ADV _ 6 shortened advmod 6 shortened shorten VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 7 to to ADP _ 9 Liz case 8 « « PUNCT _ 9 Liz punct 9 Liz Liz PROPN Number=Sing 6 shortened obl 10 » » PUNCT _ 9 Liz punct 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 shortened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 shorten present · passive Elizabeth Liz often property vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient
Example 5 The days shorten as winter comes.
det nsubj mark nsubj advcl punct root The DET days NOUN shorten VERB as SCONJ winter NOUN comes VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 days det 2 days day NOUN Number=Plur 3 shorten nsubj 3 shorten shorten VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 as as SCONJ _ 6 comes mark 5 winter winter NOUN Number=Sing 6 comes nsubj 6 comes come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 shorten advcl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 shorten punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 shorten present the days vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 come present winter vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 6 If you shorten a 50 cm ribbon by 15 cm, it is 35 cm long.
The tree, 15 words mark nsubj advcl det nummod compound obj case nummod obl punct nsubj cop nummod obl:unmarked punct root If SCONJ you PRON shorten VERB a DET 50 NUM cm NOUN ribbon NOUN by ADP 15 NUM cm NOUN , PUNCT it PRON is AUX 35 NUM cm NOUN long ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 If if SCONJ _ 3 shorten mark 2 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 shorten nsubj 3 shorten shorten VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 long advcl 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 ribbon det 5 50 50 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 6 cm nummod 6 cm cm NOUN Number=Plur 7 ribbon compound 7 ribbon ribbon NOUN Number=Sing 3 shorten obj 8 by by ADP _ 10 cm case 9 15 15 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 10 cm nummod 10 cm cm NOUN Number=Plur 3 shorten obl 11 , , PUNCT _ 3 shorten punct 12 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 16 long nsubj 13 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 long cop 14 35 35 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 15 cm nummod 15 cm cm NOUN Number=Plur 16 long obl:unmarked 16 long long ADJ Degree=Pos root root 17 . . PUNCT _ 16 long punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 shorten a condition, not said to happen present you a cm ribbon by 15 cm vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent ribbon=Patient 2 is present ribbon 35 cm obl:unmarked ; long property tree rules
Example 7 We shortened the rope so the swing was higher.
nsubj det obj mark det nsubj cop parataxis punct root We PRON shortened VERB the DET rope NOUN so SCONJ the DET swing NOUN was AUX higher ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 shortened nsubj 2 shortened shorten VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 rope det 4 rope rope NOUN Number=Sing 2 shortened obj 5 so so SCONJ _ 9 higher mark 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 swing det 7 swing swing NOUN Number=Sing 9 higher nsubj 8 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 higher cop 9 higher high ADJ Degree=Cmp 2 shortened parataxis 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 shortened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 shorten past We the rope vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent rope=Patient 2 is past the swing high property tree rules
Example 8 And as they went to lay the foundation-stone, Gobborn Seer said to Jack, "Can't you shorten the way for me?"
The tree, 22 words cc mark nsubj advcl mark advcl det compound punct obj punct compound nsubj case obl punct punct aux advmod nsubj ccomp det obj case obl punct punct root And CCONJ as SCONJ they PRON went VERB to PART lay VERB the DET foundation NOUN - PUNCT stone NOUN , PUNCT Gobborn PROPN Seer NOUN said VERB to ADP Jack PROPN , PUNCT " PUNCT Ca AUX n't PART you PRON shorten VERB the DET way NOUN for ADP me PRON ? PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 And and CCONJ _ 14 said cc 2 as as SCONJ _ 4 went mark 3 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 went nsubj 4 went go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 14 said advcl 5 to to PART _ 6 lay mark 6 lay lay VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 went advcl 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 stone det 8 foundation foundation NOUN Number=Sing 10 stone compound 9 - - PUNCT _ 8 foundation punct 10 stone stone NOUN Number=Sing 6 lay obj 11 , , PUNCT _ 4 went punct 12 Gobborn Gobborn PROPN Number=Sing 13 Seer compound 13 Seer seer NOUN Number=Sing 14 said nsubj 14 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 15 to to ADP _ 16 Jack case 16 Jack Jack PROPN Number=Sing 14 said obl 17 , , PUNCT _ 22 shorten punct 18 " " PUNCT _ 22 shorten punct 19 Ca can AUX VerbForm=Fin 22 shorten aux 20 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 22 shorten advmod 21 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 22 shorten nsubj 22 shorten shorten VERB VerbForm=Inf 14 said ccomp 23 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 24 way det 24 way way NOUN Number=Sing 22 shorten obj 25 for for ADP _ 26 me case 26 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 22 shorten obl 27 ? ? PUNCT _ 22 shorten punct 28 " " PUNCT _ 22 shorten punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go past they vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 lay to-infinitive they not said here the foundation stone vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stone=Result 3 say speech: ask past Gobborn Seer Jack vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to jack=Recipient clause=Topic 4 not shorten in a quote can Jack the way for Gobborn Seer = seer vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent way=Patient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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