sledge Who acts: sledge, dogs, We, snow, you, huskies · What happens: be, use, slide, pull, carry, sledge · To what, where: small vehicle, snow, large sledge, people, sledge, cricket · Speech: someone speaks here
«sledge» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: sledge in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A sledge is a small vehicle with long, narrow runners instead of wheels, used for sliding over snow or ice, often down hills for fun.
The tree, 25 words det nsubj cop det amod case amod punct amod nmod case fixed nmod punct conj mark advcl case obl cc conj punct advmod advmod obl:unmarked case obl punct root A DET sledge NOUN is AUX a DET small ADJ vehicle NOUN with ADP long ADJ , PUNCT narrow ADJ runners NOUN instead ADV of ADP wheels NOUN , PUNCT used VERB for SCONJ sliding VERB over ADP snow NOUN or CCONJ ice NOUN , PUNCT often ADV down ADV hills NOUN for ADP fun NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 sledge det 2 sledge sledge NOUN Number=Sing 6 vehicle nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 vehicle cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 vehicle det 5 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 6 vehicle amod 6 vehicle vehicle NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 with with ADP _ 11 runners case 8 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 11 runners amod 9 , , PUNCT _ 8 long punct 10 narrow narrow ADJ Degree=Pos 11 runners amod 11 runners runner NOUN Number=Plur 6 vehicle nmod 12 instead instead ADV ExtPos=ADP 14 wheels case 13 of of ADP _ 12 instead fixed 14 wheels wheel NOUN Number=Plur 11 runners nmod 15 , , PUNCT _ 16 used punct 16 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 vehicle conj 17 for for SCONJ _ 18 sliding mark 18 sliding slide VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 16 used advcl 19 over over ADP _ 20 snow case 20 snow snow NOUN Number=Sing 18 sliding obl 21 or or CCONJ _ 22 ice cc 22 ice ice NOUN Number=Sing 20 snow conj 23 , , PUNCT _ 25 down punct 24 often often ADV _ 25 down advmod 25 down down ADV _ 18 sliding advmod 26 hills hill NOUN Number=Plur 25 down obl:unmarked 27 for for ADP _ 28 fun case 28 fun fun NOUN Number=Sing 25 down obl 29 . . PUNCT _ 6 vehicle punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a sledge a small vehicle with long narrow runners instead wheels tree rules 2 use participle a sledge not said here vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 slide gerund a sledge not said here snow or ice down property vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over snow=Trajectory
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A large sledge can be pulled by dogs, horses or reindeer to carry people and things over snow.
The tree, 18 words det amod nsubj:pass aux aux:pass case obl:agent punct conj cc conj mark advcl obj cc conj case obl punct root A DET large ADJ sledge NOUN can AUX be AUX pulled VERB by ADP dogs NOUN , PUNCT horses NOUN or CCONJ reindeer NOUN to PART carry VERB people NOUN and CCONJ things NOUN over ADP snow NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 sledge det 2 large large ADJ Degree=Pos 3 sledge amod 3 sledge sledge NOUN Number=Sing 6 pulled nsubj:pass 4 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 6 pulled aux 5 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 6 pulled aux:pass 6 pulled pull VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 7 by by ADP _ 8 dogs case 8 dogs dog NOUN Number=Plur 6 pulled obl:agent 9 , , PUNCT _ 10 horses punct 10 horses horse NOUN Number=Plur 8 dogs conj 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 reindeer cc 12 reindeer reindeer NOUN Number=Sing 8 dogs conj 13 to to PART _ 14 carry mark 14 carry carry VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 pulled advcl 15 people people NOUN Number=Plur 14 carry obj 16 and and CCONJ _ 17 things cc 17 things thing NOUN Number=Plur 15 people conj 18 over over ADP _ 19 snow case 19 snow snow NOUN Number=Sing 14 carry obl 20 . . PUNCT _ 6 pulled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 pull can · passive dogs and horses or reindeer a large sledge vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme 2 carry to-infinitive dogs and horses or reindeer not said here people and things snow vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Theme
Meaning 3 To sledge means to ride a sledge.
mark csubj mark xcomp det obj punct root To PART sledge VERB means VERB to PART ride VERB a DET sledge NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 sledge mark 2 sledge sledge VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means csubj 3 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to PART _ 5 ride mark 5 ride ride VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means xcomp 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 sledge det 7 sledge sledge NOUN Number=Sing 5 ride obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sledge to-infinitive vn vehicle-51.4.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 ride not said to happen to-infinitive a sledge vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sledge=Theme
Meaning 4 In cricket in Australia and New Zealand, sledging means saying rude things to put a player off.
The tree, 17 words case obl case nmod cc flat conj punct nsubj xcomp amod obj mark advcl det obj compound:prt punct root In ADP cricket NOUN in ADP Australia PROPN and CCONJ New PROPN Zealand PROPN , PUNCT sledging VERB means VERB saying VERB rude ADJ things NOUN to PART put VERB a DET player NOUN off ADP . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 2 cricket case 2 cricket cricket NOUN Number=Sing 10 means obl 3 in in ADP _ 4 Australia case 4 Australia Australia PROPN Number=Sing 2 cricket nmod 5 and and CCONJ _ 7 Zealand cc 6 New New PROPN Number=Sing 7 Zealand flat 7 Zealand Zealand PROPN Number=Sing 4 Australia conj 8 , , PUNCT _ 9 sledging punct 9 sledging sledge VERB VerbForm=Ger 10 means nsubj 10 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 11 saying say VERB VerbForm=Ger 10 means xcomp 12 rude rude ADJ Degree=Pos 13 things amod 13 things thing NOUN Number=Plur 11 saying obj 14 to to PART _ 15 put mark 15 put put VERB VerbForm=Inf 11 saying advcl 16 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 17 player det 17 player player NOUN Number=Sing 15 put obj 18 off off ADP _ 15 put compound:prt 19 . . PUNCT _ 10 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sledge gerund vn vehicle-51.4.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme 2 mean present cricket in Australia and New Zealand vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 say speech: assert not said to happen gerund rude things vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent thing=Topic 4 put off to-infinitive a player vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent player=Goal
Example 1 We went sledging on the hill after the snow fell.
nsubj xcomp case det obl mark det nsubj advcl punct root We PRON went VERB sledging VERB on ADP the DET hill NOUN after SCONJ the DET snow NOUN fell VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 went nsubj 2 went go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 sledging sledge VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 went xcomp 4 on on ADP _ 6 hill case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 hill det 6 hill hill NOUN Number=Sing 3 sledging obl 7 after after SCONJ _ 10 fell mark 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 snow det 9 snow snow NOUN Number=Sing 10 fell nsubj 10 fell fall VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 sledging advcl 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 went punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go past We vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 sledge gerund We not said here the hill vn vehicle-51.4.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme 3 fall past the snow vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 2 Sit on the sledge feet first.
case det compound obl advmod punct root Sit VERB on ADP the DET sledge NOUN feet NOUN first ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sit sit VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 on on ADP _ 5 feet case 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 feet det 4 sledge sledge NOUN Number=Sing 5 feet compound 5 feet foot NOUN Number=Plur 1 Sit obl 6 first first ADV NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 1 Sit advmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 1 Sit punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sit imperative you not said here the sledge feet first property vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on foot=Location
Example 3 The huskies pulled the sledge across the ice.
det nsubj det obj case det obl punct root The DET huskies NOUN pulled VERB the DET sledge NOUN across ADP the DET ice NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 huskies det 2 huskies husky NOUN Number=Plur 3 pulled nsubj 3 pulled pull VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 sledge det 5 sledge sledge NOUN Number=Sing 3 pulled obj 6 across across ADP _ 8 ice case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 ice det 8 ice ice NOUN Number=Sing 3 pulled obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 pulled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 pull past the huskies the sledge the ice vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sledge=Theme
Example 4 Make sure no trees or roads are at the bottom of the sledge run.
The tree, 14 words xcomp det nsubj cc conj cop case det ccomp case det compound nmod punct root Make VERB sure ADJ no DET trees NOUN or CCONJ roads NOUN are AUX at ADP the DET bottom NOUN of ADP the DET sledge NOUN run NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Make make VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 sure sure ADJ Degree=Pos 1 Make xcomp 3 no no DET PronType=Neg 4 trees det 4 trees tree NOUN Number=Plur 10 bottom nsubj 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 roads cc 6 roads road NOUN Number=Plur 4 trees conj 7 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 bottom cop 8 at at ADP _ 10 bottom case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 bottom det 10 bottom bottom NOUN Number=Sing 2 sure ccomp 11 of of ADP _ 14 run case 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 14 run det 13 sledge sledge NOUN Number=Sing 14 run compound 14 run run NOUN Number=Sing 10 bottom nmod 15 . . PUNCT _ 1 Make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make imperative you not said here sure property vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset 2 is present no trees or roads the bottom of the sledge run tree rules
Example 5 The sledge slid fast because snow has little friction.
det nsubj advmod mark nsubj ccomp amod obj punct root The DET sledge NOUN slid VERB fast ADV because SCONJ snow NOUN has VERB little ADJ friction NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 sledge det 2 sledge sledge NOUN Number=Sing 3 slid nsubj 3 slid slide VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 fast fast ADV Degree=Pos 3 slid advmod 5 because because SCONJ _ 7 has mark 6 snow snow NOUN Number=Sing 7 has nsubj 7 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 slid ccomp 8 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 9 friction amod 9 friction friction NOUN Number=Sing 7 has obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 slid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 slide past the sledge fast property tree rules 2 have present snow little friction vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent friction=Patient
Example 6 My sister and I shared a red plastic sledge.
nmod:poss nsubj cc conj det amod amod obj punct root My PRON sister NOUN and CCONJ I PRON shared VERB a DET red ADJ plastic ADJ sledge NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 sister nmod:poss 2 sister sister NOUN Number=Sing 5 shared nsubj 3 and and CCONJ _ 4 I cc 4 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 sister conj 5 shared share VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 sledge det 7 red red ADJ Degree=Pos 9 sledge amod 8 plastic plastic ADJ Degree=Pos 9 sledge amod 9 sledge sledge NOUN Number=Sing 5 shared obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 shared punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 share past My sister a red plastic sledge tree rules
Example 7 Explorers used sledges to cross Antarctica.
nsubj obj mark advcl obj punct root Explorers NOUN used VERB sledges NOUN to PART cross VERB Antarctica PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Explorers explorer NOUN Number=Plur 2 used nsubj 2 used use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 sledges sledge NOUN Number=Plur 2 used obj 4 to to PART _ 5 cross mark 5 cross cross VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 used advcl 6 Antarctica Antarctica PROPN Number=Sing 5 cross obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use past Explorers sledges vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sledge=Patient 2 cross to-infinitive Explorers not said here Antarctica vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent antarctica=Patient
Example 8 The cricketer was told off for sledging the batsman.
det nsubj:pass aux:pass compound:prt mark advcl det obj punct root The DET cricketer NOUN was AUX told VERB off ADP for SCONJ sledging VERB the DET batsman NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 cricketer det 2 cricketer cricketer NOUN Number=Sing 4 told nsubj:pass 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 told aux:pass 4 told tell VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 off off ADP _ 4 told compound:prt 6 for for SCONJ _ 7 sledging mark 7 sledging sledge VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 told advcl 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 batsman det 9 batsman batsman NOUN Number=Sing 7 sledging obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 told punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 tell off speech: assert past · passive the cricketer vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient 2 sledge gerund the batsman vn vehicle-51.4.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent batsman=Theme
Example 9 Well, the firewood was cut up and piled on the sledge.
discourse punct det nsubj:pass aux:pass compound:prt cc conj case det obl punct root Well INTJ , PUNCT the DET firewood NOUN was AUX cut VERB up ADP and CCONJ piled VERB on ADP the DET sledge NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Well well INTJ _ 6 cut discourse 2 , , PUNCT _ 1 Well punct 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 firewood det 4 firewood firewood NOUN Number=Sing 6 cut nsubj:pass 5 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 cut aux:pass 6 cut cut VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 7 up up ADP _ 6 cut compound:prt 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 piled cc 9 piled pile VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 cut conj 10 on on ADP _ 12 sledge case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 sledge det 12 sledge sledge NOUN Number=Sing 9 piled obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 cut punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cut up past · passive the firewood vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product 2 pile participle the sledge vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme on sledge=Destination
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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