spark Who acts: spark, material, hard things, electricity, something, hope · What happens: be, burn, fly, hit, jump, spark · To what, where: tiny bright bit, material, fire, quick flash, gap, something
«spark» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: spark in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A spark is a tiny bright bit of fire or burning material that flies from a fire or when hard things hit.
The tree, 22 words det nsubj cop det amod amod case nmod cc conj obj nsubj acl:relcl case det obl cc mark amod nsubj conj punct root A DET spark NOUN is AUX a DET tiny ADJ bright ADJ bit NOUN of ADP fire NOUN or CCONJ burning VERB material NOUN that PRON flies VERB from ADP a DET fire NOUN or CCONJ when SCONJ hard ADJ things NOUN hit VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 spark det 2 spark spark NOUN Number=Sing 7 bit nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 bit cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 bit det 5 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 7 bit amod 6 bright bright ADJ Degree=Pos 7 bit amod 7 bit bit NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 of of ADP _ 9 fire case 9 fire fire NOUN Number=Sing 7 bit nmod 10 or or CCONJ _ 11 burning cc 11 burning burn VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 7 bit conj 12 material material NOUN Number=Sing 11 burning obj 13 that that PRON PronType=Rel 14 flies nsubj 14 flies fly VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 material acl:relcl 15 from from ADP _ 17 fire case 16 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 17 fire det 17 fire fire NOUN Number=Sing 14 flies obl 18 or or CCONJ _ 22 hit cc 19 when when SCONJ _ 22 hit mark 20 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 21 things amod 21 things thing NOUN Number=Plur 22 hit nsubj 22 hit hit VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 17 fire conj 23 . . PUNCT _ 7 bit punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a spark a tiny bright bit of fire tree rules 2 burn gerund a spark not said here material vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent material=Theme 3 fly present material a fire vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme from fire=Trajectory 4 hit present hard things vn contiguous_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A spark is a quick flash of electricity jumping across a gap.
det nsubj cop det amod case nmod acl case det obl punct root A DET spark NOUN is AUX a DET quick ADJ flash NOUN of ADP electricity NOUN jumping VERB across ADP a DET gap NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 spark det 2 spark spark NOUN Number=Sing 6 flash nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 flash cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 flash det 5 quick quick ADJ Degree=Pos 6 flash amod 6 flash flash NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 of of ADP _ 8 electricity case 8 electricity electricity NOUN Number=Sing 6 flash nmod 9 jumping jump VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 electricity acl 10 across across ADP _ 12 gap case 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 gap det 12 gap gap NOUN Number=Sing 9 jumping obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 flash punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a spark a quick flash of electricity tree rules 2 jump gerund electricity not said here a gap vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme across gap=Trajectory
Meaning 3 To spark something is to start it: spark an idea, spark a fight.
The tree, 13 words mark advcl obj cop mark obj punct conj det obj punct conj det obj punct root To PART spark VERB something PRON is AUX to PART start VERB it PRON : PUNCT spark VERB an DET idea NOUN , PUNCT spark VERB a DET fight NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 spark mark 2 spark spark VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 start advcl 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 spark obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 start cop 5 to to PART _ 6 start mark 6 start start VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 7 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 start obj 8 : : PUNCT _ 9 spark punct 9 spark spark VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 6 start conj 10 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 idea det 11 idea idea NOUN Number=Sing 9 spark obj 12 , , PUNCT _ 13 spark punct 13 spark spark VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 9 spark conj 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 fight det 15 fight fight NOUN Number=Sing 13 spark obj 16 . . PUNCT _ 6 start punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 spark to-infinitive something vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition something=Patient 2 is present start property tree rules 3 spark infinitive a idea vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition idea=Patient 4 spark infinitive a fight vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition fight=Patient
Meaning 4 A spark of something is a small amount of it: a spark of hope.
The tree, 14 words det nsubj case nmod cop det amod case nmod punct det parataxis case nmod punct root A DET spark NOUN of ADP something PRON is AUX a DET small ADJ amount NOUN of ADP it PRON : PUNCT a DET spark NOUN of ADP hope NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 spark det 2 spark spark NOUN Number=Sing 8 amount nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 4 something case 4 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 spark nmod 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 amount cop 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 amount det 7 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 8 amount amod 8 amount amount NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 of of ADP _ 10 it case 10 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 amount nmod 11 : : PUNCT _ 13 spark punct 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 spark det 13 spark spark NOUN Number=Sing 8 amount parataxis 14 of of ADP _ 15 hope case 15 hope hope NOUN Number=Sing 13 spark nmod 16 . . PUNCT _ 8 amount punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a spark of something a small amount of amount tree rules 2 spark something nom spark «event intransitive»: of=agent 3 spark hope nom spark «event intransitive»: of=agent
Example 1 Sparks flew from the campfire.
nsubj case det obl punct root Sparks NOUN flew VERB from ADP the DET campfire NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sparks spark NOUN Number=Plur 2 flew nsubj 2 flew fly VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 from from ADP _ 5 campfire case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 campfire det 5 campfire campfire NOUN Number=Sing 2 flew obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 flew punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fly past Sparks the campfire vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme from campfire=Trajectory
Example 2 Rubbing your feet on the carpet can make a tiny spark.
csubj nmod:poss obj case det obl aux det amod obj punct root Rubbing VERB your PRON feet NOUN on ADP the DET carpet NOUN can AUX make VERB a DET tiny ADJ spark NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Rubbing rub VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 make csubj 2 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 feet nmod:poss 3 feet foot NOUN Number=Plur 1 Rubbing obj 4 on on ADP _ 6 carpet case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 carpet det 6 carpet carpet NOUN Number=Sing 1 Rubbing obl 7 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 8 make aux 8 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 spark det 10 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 11 spark amod 11 spark spark NOUN Number=Sing 8 make obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 8 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 rub gerund your feet the carpet vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent foot=Theme on carpet=Destination 2 make can Rubbing a tiny spark vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset spark=Product
Example 3 A spark from the plug started a fire.
det nsubj case det nmod det obj punct root A DET spark NOUN from ADP the DET plug NOUN started VERB a DET fire NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 spark det 2 spark spark NOUN Number=Sing 6 started nsubj 3 from from ADP _ 5 plug case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 plug det 5 plug plug NOUN Number=Sing 2 spark nmod 6 started start VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 fire det 8 fire fire NOUN Number=Sing 6 started obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 6 started punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 start past a spark from the plug a fire vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fire=Eventuality
Example 4 The book sparked my interest in space.
det nsubj nmod:poss obj case obl punct root The DET book NOUN sparked VERB my PRON interest NOUN in ADP space NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 book det 2 book book NOUN Number=Sing 3 sparked nsubj 3 sparked spark VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 interest nmod:poss 5 interest interest NOUN Number=Sing 3 sparked obj 6 in in ADP _ 7 space case 7 space space NOUN Number=Sing 3 sparked obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 sparked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 spark past the book my interest space vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition interest=Patient 2 interest my nom interest «cognition transitive»: poss=agent
Example 5 Lightning is a giant electric spark.
nsubj cop det amod amod punct root Lightning NOUN is AUX a DET giant ADJ electric ADJ spark NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Lightning lightning NOUN Number=Sing 6 spark nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 spark cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 spark det 4 giant giant ADJ Degree=Pos 6 spark amod 5 electric electric ADJ Degree=Pos 6 spark amod 6 spark spark NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 . . PUNCT _ 6 spark punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Lightning a giant electric spark tree rules
Example 6 There was a spark of hope in her eyes.
expl det nsubj case nmod case nmod:poss nmod punct root There PRON was VERB a DET spark NOUN of ADP hope NOUN in ADP her PRON eyes NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 was expl 2 was be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 spark det 4 spark spark NOUN Number=Sing 2 was nsubj 5 of of ADP _ 6 hope case 6 hope hope NOUN Number=Sing 4 spark nmod 7 in in ADP _ 9 eyes case 8 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 eyes nmod:poss 9 eyes eye NOUN Number=Plur 6 hope nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 was punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be past a spark of hope in spark's eyes there vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 spark hope in spark's eyes nom spark «event intransitive»: of=agent
Example 7 Sparks flew when the two teams met.
nsubj advmod det nummod nsubj ccomp punct root Sparks NOUN flew VERB when ADV the DET two NUM teams NOUN met VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sparks spark NOUN Number=Plur 2 flew nsubj 2 flew fly VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 when when ADV PronType=Int 7 met advmod 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 teams det 5 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 6 teams nummod 6 teams team NOUN Number=Plur 7 met nsubj 7 met meet VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 flew ccomp 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 flew punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fly past Sparks tree rules 2 meet participle the two teams vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 8 Sparklers give off lots of sparks.
nsubj compound:prt obj case nmod punct root Sparklers NOUN give VERB off ADP lots NOUN of ADP sparks NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sparklers sparkler NOUN Number=Plur 2 give nsubj 2 give give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 off off ADP _ 2 give compound:prt 4 lots lot NOUN Number=Plur 2 give obj 5 of of ADP _ 6 sparks case 6 sparks spark NOUN Number=Plur 4 lots nmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 give punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give off present Sparklers lots of sparks vn substance_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source lot=Theme
Example 9 Now he could see glowing sparks, and vivid jets of flame.
advmod nsubj aux amod obj punct cc amod obl case nmod punct root Now ADV he PRON could AUX see VERB glowing VERB sparks NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ vivid ADJ jets NOUN of ADP flame NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Now now ADV PronType=Dem 4 see advmod 2 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 see nsubj 3 could could AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 see aux 4 see see VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 glowing glow VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 sparks amod 6 sparks spark NOUN Number=Plur 4 see obj 7 , , PUNCT _ 10 jets punct 8 and and CCONJ _ 10 jets cc 9 vivid vivid ADJ Degree=Pos 10 jets amod 10 jets jet NOUN Number=Plur 4 see obl 11 of of ADP _ 12 flame case 12 flame flame NOUN Number=Sing 10 jets nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 see punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 see could he glowing sparks now vivid jets of flame obl vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer spark=Stimulus 2 glow gerund vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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