stalactite

Who acts: stalactite, long pointed stone shape, water, Stalactites, you, Icicles · What happens: point, be, hang down, make, drip, leave · To what, where: long pointed stone shape, roof, water, tiny bits, shape, Anything · Speech: someone speaks here

«stalactite» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: stalactite in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

A stalactite is a long, pointed stone shape that hangs down from the roof of a cave, made very slowly by dripping water that leaves tiny bits of minerals behind.

The tree, 30 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 stalactite	det
2	stalactite	stalactite	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 shape	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 shape	cop
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 shape	det
5	long	long	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 shape	amod
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 long	punct
7	pointed	point	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 shape	amod
8	stone	stone	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 shape	compound
9	shape	shape	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
10	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 hangs	nsubj
11	hangs	hang	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 shape	acl:relcl
12	down	down	ADV	_	11 hangs	advmod
13	from	from	ADP	_	15 roof	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 roof	det
15	roof	roof	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 hangs	obl
16	of	of	ADP	_	18 cave	case
17	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 cave	det
18	cave	cave	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 roof	nmod
19	,	,	PUNCT	_	20 made	punct
20	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 shape	parataxis
21	very	very	ADV	_	22 slowly	advmod
22	slowly	slowly	ADV	_	20 made	advmod
23	by	by	SCONJ	_	24 dripping	mark
24	dripping	drip	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	20 made	advcl
25	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 dripping	obj
26	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	27 leaves	nsubj
27	leaves	leave	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	25 water	acl:relcl
28	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	29 bits	amod
29	bits	bit	NOUN	Number=Plur	27 leaves	obj
30	of	of	ADP	_	31 minerals	case
31	minerals	mineral	NOUN	Number=Plur	29 bits	nmod
32	behind	behind	ADV	_	27 leaves	advmod
33	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 shape	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	point	participle					vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	is a	present	a stalactite	a long pointed stone shape			tree rules
3	hang down	present	a long pointed stone shape		the roof of a cave	down property	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	make	participle				slowly property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset
5	drip	gerund		water			vn substance_emission-43.4-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location water=Source
6	leave	present	water	tiny bits of minerals		behind property	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bit=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Anything hanging down in that shape, like an icicle, can be called a stalactite.

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Anything	anything	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	14 called	nsubj:pass
2	hanging	hang	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	1 Anything	acl
3	down	down	ADV	_	2 hanging	advmod
4	in	in	ADP	_	6 shape	case
5	that	that	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	6 shape	det
6	shape	shape	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 hanging	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 icicle	punct
8	like	like	ADP	_	10 icicle	case
9	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 icicle	det
10	icicle	icicle	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 hanging	obl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Anything	punct
12	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	14 called	aux
13	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	14 called	aux:pass
14	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
15	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 stalactite	det
16	stalactite	stalactite	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 called	xcomp
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	14 called	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hang down	gerund				that shape		like a icicle; down property	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in shape=Location
2	call	can · passive		Anything					vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient

Example 1

A huge stalactite hung from the cave roof.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 stalactite	det
2	huge	huge	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 stalactite	amod
3	stalactite	stalactite	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	hung	hang	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 stalactite	acl
5	from	from	ADP	_	8 roof	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 roof	det
7	cave	cave	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 roof	compound
8	roof	roof	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 hung	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 stalactite	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hang	participle		a huge stalactite not said here		the cave roof			vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Example 2

Stalactites grow only a tiny bit every year.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Stalactites	stalactite	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 grow	nsubj
2	grow	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	only	only	ADV	_	6 bit	advmod
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 bit	det
5	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 bit	amod
6	bit	bit	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 grow	obl
7	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	8 year	det
8	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 grow	obl:unmarked
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 grow	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	grow	present	Stalactites	a tiny bit			year		vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 3

Water dripped from the tip of the stalactite.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
2	dripped	drip	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	1 Water	acl
3	from	from	ADP	_	5 tip	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 tip	det
5	tip	tip	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 dripped	obl
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 stalactite	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 stalactite	det
8	stalactite	stalactite	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 tip	nmod
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Water	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	drip	participle		Water not said here		the tip of the stalactite			vn substance_emission-43.4-1 «NP.theme V PP.source»: agent=Theme from tip=Source

Example 4

Don't touch the stalactites — they are very old.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Do	do	AUX	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	3 touch	aux
2	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	3 touch	advmod
3	touch	touch	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 stalactites	det
5	stalactites	stalactite	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 touch	obj
6	—	-	PUNCT	_	10 old	punct
7	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 old	nsubj
8	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 old	cop
9	very	very	ADV	_	10 old	advmod
10	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 touch	advcl
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 touch	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not touch	imperative · do-support	you not said here	the stalactites					vn contiguous_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme stalactite=Co-Theme
2	is	present	stalactites = stalactite					old property	tree rules

Example 5

When a stalactite meets a stalagmite, it makes a pillar.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	When	when	SCONJ	_	4 meets	mark
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 stalactite	det
3	stalactite	stalactite	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 meets	nsubj
4	meets	meet	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 makes	advcl
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 stalagmite	det
6	stalagmite	stalagmite	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 meets	obj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 meets	punct
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 makes	nsubj
9	makes	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 pillar	det
11	pillar	pillar	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 makes	obj
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 makes	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	meet	present	a stalactite	a stalagmite					vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stalagmite=Co-Agent
2	make	present	stalactite	a pillar					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material pillar=Product

Example 6

Icicles look like stalactites made of ice.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Icicles	icicle	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 look	nsubj
2	look	look	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	like	like	ADP	_	4 stalactites	case
4	stalactites	stalactite	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 look	obl
5	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 stalactites	acl
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 ice	case
7	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 made	obl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 look	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	look	present	Icicles					like stalactites	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus
2	make	participle		stalactites not said here				of ice	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset

Example 7

Our class drew stalactites in the cave picture.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Our	our	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 class	nmod:poss
2	class	class	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 drew	nsubj
3	drew	draw	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	stalactites	stalactite	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 drew	obj
5	in	in	ADP	_	8 picture	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 picture	det
7	cave	cave	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 picture	compound
8	picture	picture	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 drew	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 drew	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	draw	past	Our class	stalactites		the cave picture			vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent stalactite=Theme in picture=Destination

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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