stalagmite
Who acts: stalagmite, rock, Stalagmites, It, you, oils · What happens: be, grow, make, dissolve, drip, take · To what, where: pointed column, water, thousands, stalagmites, column, cave diagram
«stalagmite» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: stalagmite in the school dictionary.
Meaning 1
A stalagmite is a pointed column of rock that grows upwards from the floor of a cave, made by drips of water full of dissolved minerals.
The tree, 26 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 stalagmite | det |
| 2 | stalagmite | stalagmite | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 column | nsubj |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 column | cop |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 column | det |
| 5 | pointed | pointed | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 column | amod |
| 6 | column | column | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 7 | of | of | ADP | _ | 8 rock | case |
| 8 | rock | rock | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 column | nmod |
| 9 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 10 grows | nsubj |
| 10 | grows | grow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 rock | acl:relcl |
| 11 | upwards | upwards | ADV | _ | 10 grows | advmod |
| 12 | from | from | ADP | _ | 14 floor | case |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 floor | det |
| 14 | floor | floor | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 grows | obl |
| 15 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 cave | case |
| 16 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 17 cave | det |
| 17 | cave | cave | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 floor | nmod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 made | punct |
| 19 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 column | acl |
| 20 | by | by | ADP | _ | 21 drips | case |
| 21 | drips | drip | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 made | obl |
| 22 | of | of | ADP | _ | 23 water | case |
| 23 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 drips | nmod |
| 24 | full | full | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 water | amod |
| 25 | of | of | ADP | _ | 27 minerals | case |
| 26 | dissolved | dissolve | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 27 minerals | amod |
| 27 | minerals | mineral | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 full | obl |
| 28 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 column | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | a stalagmite | a pointed column | of rock | tree rules | |||
| 2 | grow | present | rock | from the floor of a cave; upwards property | vn grow-26.2.1 «NP.product V PP.patient»: agent=Product from floor=Patient | ||||
| 3 | make | participle | a pointed column not said here | by drips of water | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset | ||||
| 4 | dissolve | participle | vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | ||||||
| 5 | drip | water | nom drip «event transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Example 1
A huge stalagmite rose from the cave floor.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 4 rose | det |
| 2 | huge | huge | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 rose | amod |
| 3 | stalagmite | stalagmite | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 rose | compound |
| 4 | rose | rose | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 5 | from | from | ADP | _ | 8 floor | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 floor | det |
| 7 | cave | cave | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 floor | compound |
| 8 | floor | floor | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 rose | nmod |
| 9 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 rose | punct |
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 2
Stalagmites grow upwards as water drips onto them.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Stalagmites | stalagmite | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 grow | nsubj |
| 2 | grow | grow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | upwards | upwards | ADV | _ | 2 grow | advmod |
| 4 | as | as | ADP | _ | 6 drips | case |
| 5 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 drips | compound |
| 6 | drips | drip | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 grow | obl |
| 7 | onto | onto | ADP | _ | 8 them | case |
| 8 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 6 drips | nmod |
| 9 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 grow | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | grow | present | Stalagmites | as water drips onto drips; upwards property | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
Example 3
It took thousands of years for the stalagmite to form.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 took | nsubj |
| 2 | took | take | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | thousands | thousand | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 took | obj |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 years | case |
| 5 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 thousands | nmod |
| 6 | for | for | ADP | _ | 8 stalagmite | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 stalagmite | det |
| 8 | stalagmite | stalagmite | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 took | obl |
| 9 | to | to | PART | _ | 10 form | mark |
| 10 | form | form | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 2 took | advcl |
| 11 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 took | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | take | past | It | thousands of years | for the stalagmite | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent thousand=Theme for stalagmite=Beneficiary | |||
| 2 | form | to-infinitive | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
Example 4
Please don't touch the stalagmites — oils from your hands harm them.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Please | please | INTJ | _ | 4 touch | discourse |
| 2 | do | do | AUX | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 4 touch | aux |
| 3 | n't | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 4 touch | advmod |
| 4 | touch | touch | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 stalagmites | det |
| 6 | stalagmites | stalagmite | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 touch | obj |
| 7 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 8 oils | punct |
| 8 | oils | oil | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 harm | nsubj |
| 9 | from | from | ADP | _ | 11 hands | case |
| 10 | your | your | PRON | Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 11 hands | nmod:poss |
| 11 | hands | hand | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 oils | nmod |
| 12 | harm | harm | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 touch | parataxis |
| 13 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 12 harm | obj |
| 14 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 touch | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | not touch | imperative · do-support | you not said here | the stalagmites | vn contiguous_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme stalagmite=Co-Theme | ||||
| 2 | harm | present | oils from your hands | stalagmites = stalagmite | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus they=Experiencer |
Example 5
The stalactite and the stalagmite met to make a column.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 stalactite | det |
| 2 | stalactite | stalactite | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 met | nsubj |
| 3 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 5 stalagmite | cc |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 stalagmite | det |
| 5 | stalagmite | stalagmite | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 stalactite | conj |
| 6 | met | meet | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | to | to | PART | _ | 8 make | mark |
| 8 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 6 met | xcomp |
| 9 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 10 column | det |
| 10 | column | column | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 make | obj |
| 11 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 met | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | meet | past | the stalactite and the stalagmite | tree rules | |||||
| 2 | make | to-infinitive | the stalactite and the stalagmite not said here | a column | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset column=Product |
Example 6
We drew stalagmites in our cave diagram.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | We | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 2 drew | nsubj |
| 2 | drew | draw | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | stalagmites | stalagmite | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 drew | obj |
| 4 | in | in | ADP | _ | 7 diagram | case |
| 5 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 7 diagram | nmod:poss |
| 6 | cave | cave | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 diagram | compound |
| 7 | diagram | diagram | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 drew | obl |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 drew | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | draw | past | We | stalagmites | our cave diagram | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent stalagmite=Theme in diagram=Destination |
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/S/stalagmite/