stale Who acts: Stale food, Stale air, Stale news, people, stale trail, old scent · What happens: be, not be, close, hear, grow, follow · To what, where: news, old scent, hunting, bag, 's, window
«stale» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: stale in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Stale food, especially bread or cake, is old, dry and not fresh any more.
The tree, 14 words amod nsubj punct advmod appos cc conj punct cop punct conj cc advmod conj advmod advmod punct root Stale ADJ food NOUN , PUNCT especially ADV bread NOUN or CCONJ cake NOUN , PUNCT is AUX old ADJ , PUNCT dry ADJ and CCONJ not PART fresh ADJ any ADV more ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Stale stale ADJ Degree=Pos 2 food amod 2 food food NOUN Number=Sing 10 old nsubj 3 , , PUNCT _ 5 bread punct 4 especially especially ADV _ 5 bread advmod 5 bread bread NOUN Number=Sing 2 food appos 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 cake cc 7 cake cake NOUN Number=Sing 5 bread conj 8 , , PUNCT _ 2 food punct 9 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 old cop 10 old old ADJ Degree=Pos root root 11 , , PUNCT _ 12 dry punct 12 dry dry ADJ Degree=Pos 10 old conj 13 and and CCONJ _ 15 fresh cc 14 not not PART Polarity=Neg 15 fresh advmod 15 fresh fresh ADJ Degree=Pos 10 old conj 16 any any ADV _ 17 more advmod 17 more more ADV Degree=Cmp 15 fresh advmod 18 . . PUNCT _ 10 old punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Stale food old property tree rules 2 be Stale food not said here tree rules 3 not be Stale food not said here tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Stale air is old and stuffy, not fresh, like in a room with closed windows.
The tree, 15 words amod nsubj cop cc conj punct advmod conj punct case case det conj case amod nmod punct root Stale ADJ air NOUN is AUX old ADJ and CCONJ stuffy ADJ , PUNCT not PART fresh ADJ , PUNCT like ADP in ADP a DET room NOUN with ADP closed VERB windows NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Stale stale ADJ Degree=Pos 2 air amod 2 air air NOUN Number=Sing 4 old nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 old cop 4 old old ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 stuffy cc 6 stuffy stuffy ADJ Degree=Pos 4 old conj 7 , , PUNCT _ 9 fresh punct 8 not not PART Polarity=Neg 9 fresh advmod 9 fresh fresh ADJ Degree=Pos 4 old conj 10 , , PUNCT _ 14 room punct 11 like like ADP _ 14 room case 12 in in ADP _ 14 room case 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 room det 14 room room NOUN Number=Sing 4 old conj 15 with with ADP _ 17 windows case 16 closed close VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 17 windows amod 17 windows window NOUN Number=Plur 14 room nmod 18 . . PUNCT _ 4 old punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Stale air old property tree rules 2 be Stale air not said here tree rules 3 not be Stale air not said here tree rules 4 close participle vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Meaning 3 Stale news or jokes are old and boring because people have heard them too many times.
The tree, 16 words amod nsubj cc conj cop cc conj mark nsubj aux parataxis obj advmod amod obl:unmarked punct root Stale ADJ news NOUN or CCONJ jokes NOUN are AUX old ADJ and CCONJ boring ADJ because SCONJ people NOUN have AUX heard VERB them PRON too ADV many ADJ times NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Stale stale ADJ Degree=Pos 2 news amod 2 news news NOUN Number=Sing 6 old nsubj 3 or or CCONJ _ 4 jokes cc 4 jokes joke NOUN Number=Plur 2 news conj 5 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 old cop 6 old old ADJ Degree=Pos root root 7 and and CCONJ _ 8 boring cc 8 boring boring ADJ Degree=Pos 6 old conj 9 because because SCONJ _ 12 heard mark 10 people people NOUN Number=Plur 12 heard nsubj 11 have have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 heard aux 12 heard hear VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 6 old parataxis 13 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 heard obj 14 too too ADV _ 15 many advmod 15 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 16 times amod 16 times time NOUN Number=Plur 12 heard obl:unmarked 17 . . PUNCT _ 6 old punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Stale news or jokes old property tree rules 2 be Stale news or jokes not said here tree rules 3 hear present · perfect people news time vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer they=Stimulus
Meaning 4 In hunting, a stale trail is an old scent that has grown weak and is hard to follow.
The tree, 18 words case obl punct det amod nsubj cop det amod nsubj aux acl:relcl xcomp cc cop conj mark xcomp punct root In ADP hunting NOUN , PUNCT a DET stale ADJ trail NOUN is AUX an DET old ADJ scent NOUN that PRON has AUX grown VERB weak ADJ and CCONJ is AUX hard ADJ to PART follow VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 2 hunting case 2 hunting hunting NOUN Number=Sing 10 scent obl 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 hunting punct 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 trail det 5 stale stale ADJ Degree=Pos 6 trail amod 6 trail trail NOUN Number=Sing 10 scent nsubj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 scent cop 8 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 scent det 9 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 10 scent amod 10 scent scent NOUN Number=Sing root root 11 that that PRON PronType=Rel 13 grown nsubj 12 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 grown aux 13 grown grow VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 10 scent acl:relcl 14 weak weak ADJ Degree=Pos 13 grown xcomp 15 and and CCONJ _ 17 hard cc 16 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 17 hard cop 17 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 14 weak conj 18 to to PART _ 19 follow mark 19 follow follow VERB VerbForm=Inf 17 hard xcomp 20 . . PUNCT _ 10 scent punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a stale trail a old scent hunting tree rules 2 grow present · perfect a old scent weak property vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 3 is present a old scent not said here hard property tree rules 4 follow to-infinitive a old scent not said here vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 1 The bread went stale because we left the bag open.
det nsubj xcomp mark nsubj advcl det obj xcomp punct root The DET bread NOUN went VERB stale ADJ because SCONJ we PRON left VERB the DET bag NOUN open ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 bread det 2 bread bread NOUN Number=Sing 3 went nsubj 3 went go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 stale stale ADJ Degree=Pos 3 went xcomp 5 because because SCONJ _ 7 left mark 6 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 7 left nsubj 7 left leave VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 went advcl 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 bag det 9 bag bag NOUN Number=Sing 7 left obj 10 open open ADJ Degree=Pos 7 left xcomp 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 went punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go past the bread stale property vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 leave past we the bag open property vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bag=Theme
Example 2 Let's open a window; the air in here is stale.
obj xcomp det obj punct det nsubj case nmod cop parataxis punct root Let VERB 's PRON open VERB a DET window NOUN ; PUNCT the DET air NOUN in ADP here ADV is AUX stale ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Let let VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 's we PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 1 Let obj 3 open open VERB VerbForm=Inf 1 Let xcomp 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 window det 5 window window NOUN Number=Sing 3 open obj 6 ; ; PUNCT _ 12 stale punct 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 air det 8 air air NOUN Number=Sing 12 stale nsubj 9 in in ADP _ 10 here case 10 here here ADV PronType=Dem 8 air nmod 11 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 stale cop 12 stale stale ADJ Degree=Pos 1 Let parataxis 13 . . PUNCT _ 1 Let punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 let imperative you not said here 's tree rules 2 open infinitive 's not said here a window vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location window=Theme 3 is present the air stale property tree rules
Example 3 We fed the stale crusts to the ducks.
nsubj det amod obj case det obl punct root We PRON fed VERB the DET stale ADJ crusts NOUN to ADP the DET ducks NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 fed nsubj 2 fed feed VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 crusts det 4 stale stale ADJ Degree=Pos 5 crusts amod 5 crusts crust NOUN Number=Plur 2 fed obj 6 to to ADP _ 8 ducks case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 ducks det 8 ducks duck NOUN Number=Plur 2 fed obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 fed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 feed past We the stale crusts the ducks vn feeding-39.7 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent crust=Theme to duck=Recipient
Example 4 Seal the cereal box, or it will go stale.
det compound obj punct cc nsubj aux conj xcomp punct root Seal VERB the DET cereal NOUN box NOUN , PUNCT or CCONJ it PRON will AUX go VERB stale ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Seal seal VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 box det 3 cereal cereal NOUN Number=Sing 4 box compound 4 box box NOUN Number=Sing 1 Seal obj 5 , , PUNCT _ 9 go punct 6 or or CCONJ _ 9 go cc 7 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 go nsubj 8 will will AUX VerbForm=Fin 9 go aux 9 go go VERB VerbForm=Inf 1 Seal conj 10 stale stale ADJ Degree=Pos 9 go xcomp 11 . . PUNCT _ 1 Seal punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 seal imperative you not said here the cereal box vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent box=Patient 2 go future box stale property vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 5 That joke is stale; everyone knows it.
det nsubj cop punct nsubj parataxis obj punct root That DET joke NOUN is AUX stale ADJ ; PUNCT everyone PRON knows VERB it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 That that DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 2 joke det 2 joke joke NOUN Number=Sing 4 stale nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 stale cop 4 stale stale ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 ; ; PUNCT _ 7 knows punct 6 everyone everyone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Tot 7 knows nsubj 7 knows know VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 stale parataxis 8 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 knows obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 stale punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present that joke stale property tree rules 2 know present everyone joke vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus
Example 6 Stale biscuits are soft instead of crunchy.
amod nsubj cop case fixed obl punct root Stale ADJ biscuits NOUN are AUX soft ADJ instead ADV of ADP crunchy ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Stale stale ADJ Degree=Pos 2 biscuits amod 2 biscuits biscuit NOUN Number=Plur 4 soft nsubj 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 soft cop 4 soft soft ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 instead instead ADV ExtPos=ADP 7 crunchy case 6 of of ADP _ 5 instead fixed 7 crunchy crunchy ADJ Degree=Pos 4 soft obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 soft punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Stale biscuits instead crunchy; soft property tree rules
Example 7 The room smelled stale after the holiday.
det nsubj advmod case det obl punct root The DET room NOUN smelled VERB stale ADV after ADP the DET holiday NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 room det 2 room room NOUN Number=Sing 3 smelled nsubj 3 smelled smell VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 stale stale ADV _ 3 smelled advmod 5 after after ADP _ 7 holiday case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 holiday det 7 holiday holiday NOUN Number=Sing 3 smelled obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 smelled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 smell past the room after the holiday stale property vn smell_emission-43.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 8 He shall follow the new trail, and the stale trail, and the mixed trail, with a clear eye!
The tree, 18 words nsubj aux det amod obj punct cc det amod parataxis punct cc det amod conj punct case det amod obl punct root He PRON shall AUX follow VERB the DET new ADJ trail NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ the DET stale ADJ trail NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ the DET mixed VERB trail NOUN , PUNCT with ADP a DET clear ADJ eye NOUN ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 follow nsubj 2 shall shall AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 follow aux 3 follow follow VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 trail det 5 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 6 trail amod 6 trail trail NOUN Number=Sing 3 follow obj 7 , , PUNCT _ 11 trail punct 8 and and CCONJ _ 11 trail cc 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 trail det 10 stale stale ADJ Degree=Pos 11 trail amod 11 trail trail NOUN Number=Sing 3 follow parataxis 12 , , PUNCT _ 16 trail punct 13 and and CCONJ _ 16 trail cc 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 16 trail det 15 mixed mix VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 16 trail amod 16 trail trail NOUN Number=Sing 11 trail conj 17 , , PUNCT _ 21 eye punct 18 with with ADP _ 21 eye case 19 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 21 eye det 20 clear clear ADJ Degree=Pos 21 eye amod 21 eye eye NOUN Number=Sing 3 follow obl 22 ! ! PUNCT _ 3 follow punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 follow shall He the new trail with a clear eye vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent trail=Theme 2 mix participle vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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