starling Who acts: starling, dark shiny feathers, Starlings, We, feathers, settlers · What happens: be, look, cover, swirl, call, gather · To what, where: common bird, sun, large swirling flock, roof, murmuration, pier · Speech: someone speaks here
«starling» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: starling in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A starling is a common bird with dark shiny feathers that look purple and green in the sun, often covered in small pale spots in winter.
The tree, 26 words det nsubj cop det amod case amod amod nmod nsubj acl:relcl xcomp cc conj case det obl punct advmod acl case amod amod obl case nmod punct root A DET starling NOUN is AUX a DET common ADJ bird NOUN with ADP dark ADJ shiny ADJ feathers NOUN that PRON look VERB purple ADJ and CCONJ green ADJ in ADP the DET sun NOUN , PUNCT often ADV covered VERB in ADP small ADJ pale ADJ spots NOUN in ADP winter NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 starling det 2 starling starling NOUN Number=Sing 6 bird nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 bird cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 bird det 5 common common ADJ Degree=Pos 6 bird amod 6 bird bird NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 with with ADP _ 10 feathers case 8 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 10 feathers amod 9 shiny shiny ADJ Degree=Pos 10 feathers amod 10 feathers feather NOUN Number=Plur 6 bird nmod 11 that that PRON PronType=Rel 12 look nsubj 12 look look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 feathers acl:relcl 13 purple purple ADJ Degree=Pos 12 look xcomp 14 and and CCONJ _ 15 green cc 15 green green ADJ Degree=Pos 13 purple conj 16 in in ADP _ 18 sun case 17 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 18 sun det 18 sun sun NOUN Number=Sing 12 look obl 19 , , PUNCT _ 21 covered punct 20 often often ADV _ 21 covered advmod 21 covered cover VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 18 sun acl 22 in in ADP _ 25 spots case 23 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 25 spots amod 24 pale pale ADJ Degree=Pos 25 spots amod 25 spots spot NOUN Number=Plur 21 covered obl 26 in in ADP _ 27 winter case 27 winter winter NOUN Number=Sing 25 spots nmod 28 . . PUNCT _ 6 bird punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a starling a common bird with dark shiny feathers tree rules 2 look present dark shiny feathers in the sun; purple property vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in sun=Theme 3 cover participle the sun not said here in small pale spots in winter; often property vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent in spot=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A large swirling flock of starlings in the evening sky is called a murmuration.
The tree, 14 words det amod amod nsubj:pass case nmod case det compound nmod aux:pass det xcomp punct root A DET large ADJ swirling VERB flock NOUN of ADP starlings NOUN in ADP the DET evening NOUN sky NOUN is AUX called VERB a DET murmuration NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 flock det 2 large large ADJ Degree=Pos 4 flock amod 3 swirling swirl VERB VerbForm=Ger 4 flock amod 4 flock flock NOUN Number=Sing 12 called nsubj:pass 5 of of ADP _ 6 starlings case 6 starlings starling NOUN Number=Plur 4 flock nmod 7 in in ADP _ 10 sky case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 sky det 9 evening evening NOUN Number=Sing 10 sky compound 10 sky sky NOUN Number=Sing 6 starlings nmod 11 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 called aux:pass 12 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 murmuration det 14 murmuration murmuration NOUN Number=Sing 12 called xcomp 15 . . PUNCT _ 12 called punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swirl gerund vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 call present · passive a large swirling flock of starlings in the evening sky vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient
Example 1 Starlings gathered on the roof every evening.
nsubj case det obl det obl:unmarked punct root Starlings PROPN gathered VERB on ADP the DET roof NOUN every DET evening NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Starlings Starlings PROPN Number=Sing 2 gathered nsubj 2 gathered gather VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 on on ADP _ 5 roof case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 roof det 5 roof roof NOUN Number=Sing 2 gathered obl 6 every every DET PronType=Tot 7 evening det 7 evening evening NOUN Number=Sing 2 gathered obl:unmarked 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 gathered punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 gather past Starlings the roof evening vn herd-47.5.2 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent
Example 2 We watched a murmuration of starlings over the pier.
nsubj det obj case nmod case det obl punct root We PRON watched VERB a DET murmuration NOUN of ADP starlings NOUN over ADP the DET pier NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 watched nsubj 2 watched watch VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 murmuration det 4 murmuration murmuration NOUN Number=Sing 2 watched obj 5 of of ADP _ 6 starlings case 6 starlings starling NOUN Number=Plur 4 murmuration nmod 7 over over ADP _ 9 pier case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 pier det 9 pier pier NOUN Number=Sing 2 watched obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 watched punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 watch past We a murmuration of starlings the pier vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent murmuration=Theme 2 murmur starlings nom murmuration «event transitive»: of=patient
Example 3 The starling copied the sound of a phone ringing.
det nsubj det obj case det nmod advcl punct root The DET starling NOUN copied VERB the DET sound NOUN of ADP a DET phone NOUN ringing VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 starling det 2 starling starling NOUN Number=Sing 3 copied nsubj 3 copied copy VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 sound det 5 sound sound NOUN Number=Sing 3 copied obj 6 of of ADP _ 8 phone case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 phone det 8 phone phone NOUN Number=Sing 5 sound nmod 9 ringing ring VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 copied advcl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 copied punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 copy past the starling the sound of a phone vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sound=Theme 2 ring gerund the starling not said here vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 4 A starling's feathers shine purple and green in the sun.
det nmod:poss case nsubj xcomp cc conj case det obl root A DET starling NOUN 's PART feathers NOUN shine VERB purple ADJ and CCONJ green ADJ in ADP the DET sun. NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 starling det 2 starling starling NOUN Number=Sing 4 feathers nmod:poss 3 's 's PART _ 2 starling case 4 feathers feather NOUN Number=Plur 5 shine nsubj 5 shine shine VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 purple purple ADJ Degree=Pos 5 shine xcomp 7 and and CCONJ _ 8 green cc 8 green green ADJ Degree=Pos 6 purple conj 9 in in ADP _ 11 sun. case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 sun. det 11 sun. sun. NOUN Number=Sing 5 shine obl
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 shine present a starling's feathers the sun. purple property vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in sun.=Location
Example 5 Starlings eat insects and grubs from the lawn.
nsubj obj cc conj case det obl punct root Starlings NOUN eat VERB insects NOUN and CCONJ grubs NOUN from ADP the DET lawn NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Starlings starling NOUN Number=Plur 2 eat nsubj 2 eat eat VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 insects insect NOUN Number=Plur 2 eat obj 4 and and CCONJ _ 5 grubs cc 5 grubs grub NOUN Number=Plur 3 insects conj 6 from from ADP _ 8 lawn case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 lawn det 8 lawn lawn NOUN Number=Sing 2 eat obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 eat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 eat present Starlings insects and grubs the lawn vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent insect=Patient
Example 6 Starlings were brought to New Zealand by settlers.
nsubj:pass aux:pass case flat obl case obl:agent punct root Starlings NOUN were AUX brought VERB to ADP New PROPN Zealand PROPN by ADP settlers NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Starlings starling NOUN Number=Plur 3 brought nsubj:pass 2 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 brought aux:pass 3 brought bring VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 to to ADP _ 6 Zealand case 5 New New PROPN Number=Sing 6 Zealand flat 6 Zealand Zealand PROPN Number=Sing 3 brought obl 7 by by ADP _ 8 settlers case 8 settlers settler NOUN Number=Plur 3 brought obl:agent 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 brought punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 bring past · passive settlers Starlings New Zealand vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent subject=Theme to zealand=Destination
Example 7 The starling flew off with a worm in its beak.
det nsubj compound:prt case det obl case nmod:poss obl punct root The DET starling NOUN flew VERB off ADP with ADP a DET worm NOUN in ADP its PRON beak NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 starling det 2 starling starling NOUN Number=Sing 3 flew nsubj 3 flew fly VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 off off ADP _ 3 flew compound:prt 5 with with ADP _ 7 worm case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 worm det 7 worm worm NOUN Number=Sing 3 flew obl 8 in in ADP _ 10 beak case 9 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 10 beak nmod:poss 10 beak beak NOUN Number=Sing 3 flew obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 flew punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fly off past the starling starling's beak with a worm vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in beak=Location
Example 8 Thousands of starlings make shapes in the sky like a cloud.
nsubj case nmod obj case det obl case det obl punct root Thousands NOUN of ADP starlings NOUN make VERB shapes NOUN in ADP the DET sky NOUN like ADP a DET cloud NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Thousands thousand NOUN Number=Plur 4 make nsubj 2 of of ADP _ 3 starlings case 3 starlings starling NOUN Number=Plur 1 Thousands nmod 4 make make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 shapes shape NOUN Number=Plur 4 make obj 6 in in ADP _ 8 sky case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 sky det 8 sky sky NOUN Number=Sing 4 make obl 9 like like ADP _ 11 cloud case 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 cloud det 11 cloud cloud NOUN Number=Sing 4 make obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 4 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make present Thousands of starlings shapes the sky like a cloud vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset shape=Product
Example 9 The little white Princess always woke in her little white bed when the starlings began to chatter in the pearl gray morning.
The tree, 22 words det amod amod nsubj advmod case nmod:poss amod amod obl advmod det nsubj advcl mark xcomp case det compound amod obl punct root The DET little ADJ white ADJ Princess PROPN always ADV woke VERB in ADP her PRON little ADJ white ADJ bed NOUN when ADV the DET starlings NOUN began VERB to PART chatter VERB in ADP the DET pearl NOUN gray ADJ morning NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 Princess det 2 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 4 Princess amod 3 white white ADJ Degree=Pos 4 Princess amod 4 Princess Princess PROPN Number=Sing 6 woke nsubj 5 always always ADV PronType=Tot 6 woke advmod 6 woke wake VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 in in ADP _ 11 bed case 8 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 11 bed nmod:poss 9 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 11 bed amod 10 white white ADJ Degree=Pos 11 bed amod 11 bed bed NOUN Number=Sing 6 woke obl 12 when when ADV PronType=Int 15 began advmod 13 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 14 starlings det 14 starlings starling NOUN Number=Plur 15 began nsubj 15 began begin VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 woke advcl 16 to to PART _ 17 chatter mark 17 chatter chatter VERB VerbForm=Inf 15 began xcomp 18 in in ADP _ 22 morning case 19 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 22 morning det 20 pearl pearl NOUN Number=Sing 22 morning compound 21 gray gray ADJ Degree=Pos 22 morning amod 22 morning morning NOUN Number=Sing 17 chatter obl 23 . . PUNCT _ 6 woke punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 wake past the little white Princess Princess's little white bed always property vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 begin past the starlings vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality 3 chatter to-infinitive the starlings not said here morning vn animal_sounds-38 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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