startle Who acts: they, Something startling, startling, you, loud bang, phone · What happens: startle, be, frighten, jump, move, get · To what, where: someone, them, sudden small fright, you, baby, horse
«startle» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: startle in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To startle someone is to surprise or frighten them suddenly, so that they jump or move quickly.
The tree, 17 words mark advcl obj cop mark cc conj obj advmod punct mark fixed nsubj parataxis cc conj advmod punct root To PART startle VERB someone PRON is AUX to PART surprise VERB or CCONJ frighten VERB them PRON suddenly ADV , PUNCT so SCONJ that SCONJ they PRON jump VERB or CCONJ move VERB quickly ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 startle mark 2 startle startle VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 surprise advcl 3 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 startle obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 surprise cop 5 to to PART _ 6 surprise mark 6 surprise surprise VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 frighten cc 8 frighten frighten VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 6 surprise conj 9 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 frighten obj 10 suddenly suddenly ADV _ 8 frighten advmod 11 , , PUNCT _ 15 jump punct 12 so so SCONJ ExtPos=SCONJ 15 jump mark 13 that that SCONJ _ 12 so fixed 14 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 15 jump nsubj 15 jump jump VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 surprise parataxis 16 or or CCONJ _ 17 move cc 17 move move VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 15 jump conj 18 quickly quickly ADV _ 17 move advmod 19 . . PUNCT _ 6 surprise punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 startle to-infinitive someone vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus someone=Experiencer 2 is present surprise property tree rules 3 frighten infinitive them = they suddenly property vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus they=Experiencer 4 jump present they vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 5 move present they not said here quickly property vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To be startled is to get a sudden small fright.
mark aux:pass aux:pass mark advcl det amod amod obj punct root To PART be AUX startled VERB is AUX to PART get VERB a DET sudden ADJ small ADJ fright NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 3 startled mark 2 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 3 startled aux:pass 3 startled startle VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 startled aux:pass 5 to to PART _ 6 get mark 6 get get VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 startled advcl 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 fright det 8 sudden sudden ADJ Degree=Pos 10 fright amod 9 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 10 fright amod 10 fright fright NOUN Number=Sing 6 get obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 startled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 startle to-infinitive · passive vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle» 2 get to-infinitive a sudden small fright vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer fright=Stimulus
Meaning 3 Something startling is so surprising that it makes you jump.
compound nsubj cop advmod mark nsubj advcl obj xcomp punct root Something PRON startling NOUN is AUX so ADV surprising ADJ that SCONJ it PRON makes VERB you PRON jump VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 startling compound 2 startling startling NOUN Number=Sing 5 surprising nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 surprising cop 4 so so ADV _ 5 surprising advmod 5 surprising surprising ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 that that SCONJ _ 8 makes mark 7 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 makes nsubj 8 makes make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 surprising advcl 9 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 8 makes obj 10 jump jump VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 makes xcomp 11 . . PUNCT _ 5 surprising punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Something startling surprising property tree rules 2 make present startling you tree rules 3 jump infinitive you not said here vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 1 The loud bang startled the baby.
det amod nsubj det obj punct root The DET loud ADJ bang NOUN startled VERB the DET baby NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 bang det 2 loud loud ADJ Degree=Pos 3 bang amod 3 bang bang NOUN Number=Sing 4 startled nsubj 4 startled startle VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 baby det 6 baby baby NOUN Number=Sing 4 startled obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 startled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 startle past the loud bang the baby vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus baby=Experiencer
Example 2 Don't startle the horse by running behind it.
aux advmod det obj mark advcl case obl punct root Do AUX n't PART startle VERB the DET horse NOUN by SCONJ running VERB behind ADP it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 startle aux 2 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 3 startle advmod 3 startle startle VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 horse det 5 horse horse NOUN Number=Sing 3 startle obj 6 by by SCONJ _ 7 running mark 7 running run VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 startle advcl 8 behind behind ADP _ 9 it case 9 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 running obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 startle punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not startle imperative · do-support you not said here the horse vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus horse=Experiencer 2 run gerund you not said here behind horse vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme behind it=Trajectory
Example 3 The deer was startled and ran into the trees.
det nsubj:pass aux:pass cc conj case det obl punct root The DET deer NOUN was AUX startled VERB and CCONJ ran VERB into ADP the DET trees NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 deer det 2 deer deer NOUN Number=Sing 4 startled nsubj:pass 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 startled aux:pass 4 startled startle VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 ran cc 6 ran run VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 startled conj 7 into into ADP _ 9 trees case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 trees det 9 trees tree NOUN Number=Plur 6 ran obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 startled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 startle past · passive the deer vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer 2 run past into the trees result vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme into tree=Result
Example 4 I was startled when my phone rang in the quiet library.
nsubj aux:pass advmod nmod:poss nsubj advcl case det amod obl punct root I PRON was AUX startled VERB when ADV my PRON phone NOUN rang VERB in ADP the DET quiet ADJ library NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 startled nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 startled aux:pass 3 startled startle VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 when when ADV PronType=Int 7 rang advmod 5 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 phone nmod:poss 6 phone phone NOUN Number=Sing 7 rang nsubj 7 rang ring VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 startled advcl 8 in in ADP _ 11 library case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 library det 10 quiet quiet ADJ Degree=Pos 11 library amod 11 library library NOUN Number=Sing 7 rang obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 startled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 startle past · passive I vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer 2 ring past my phone the quiet library vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in library=Location
Example 5 He gave me a startled look.
nsubj iobj det amod obj punct root He PRON gave VERB me PRON a DET startled VERB look NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 gave nsubj 2 gave give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 gave iobj 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 look det 5 startled startle VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 look amod 6 look look NOUN Number=Sing 2 gave obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 gave punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give past He a startled look me vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent i=Recipient look=Theme 2 startle participle vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer
Example 6 A sudden shout can startle a sleeping dog.
det amod nsubj aux det compound obj punct root A DET sudden ADJ shout NOUN can AUX startle VERB a DET sleeping NOUN dog NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 shout det 2 sudden sudden ADJ Degree=Pos 3 shout amod 3 shout shout NOUN Number=Sing 5 startle nsubj 4 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 startle aux 5 startle startle VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 dog det 7 sleeping sleeping NOUN Number=Sing 8 dog compound 8 dog dog NOUN Number=Sing 5 startle obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 startle punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 startle can a sudden shout a sleeping dog vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus dog=Experiencer
Example 7 The cat startled when the door slammed.
det nsubj advmod det nsubj advcl punct root The DET cat NOUN startled VERB when ADV the DET door NOUN slammed VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 cat det 2 cat cat NOUN Number=Sing 3 startled nsubj 3 startled startle VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 when when ADV PronType=Int 7 slammed advmod 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 door det 6 door door NOUN Number=Sing 7 slammed nsubj 7 slammed slam VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 startled advcl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 startled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 startle past the cat vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 2 slam past the door vn bump-18.4-1 «NP V together»: agent=Theme
Example 8 But indeed there was something else, something very astonishing and startling.
cc advmod expl nsubj advmod punct conj advmod acl cc conj punct root But CCONJ indeed ADV there PRON was VERB something PRON else ADV , PUNCT something PRON very ADV astonishing VERB and CCONJ startling VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 But but CCONJ _ 4 was cc 2 indeed indeed ADV _ 4 was advmod 3 there there PRON PronType=Dem 4 was expl 4 was be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 4 was nsubj 6 else else ADV _ 5 something advmod 7 , , PUNCT _ 8 something punct 8 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 5 something conj 9 very very ADV _ 10 astonishing advmod 10 astonishing astonish VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 something acl 11 and and CCONJ _ 12 startling cc 12 startling startle VERB VerbForm=Ger 10 astonishing conj 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 was punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be past something there indeed property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 astonish gerund vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 3 startle gerund vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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