startled Who acts: you, past form, loud bang, She, deer, phone · What happens: startle, mean, frighten, jump, stop, be · To what, where: little, past form, someone, cat, startled cry, horse · Speech: someone speaks here
«startled» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: startled in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Startled means suddenly surprised or a little frightened by something unexpected, so you jump or stop.
The tree, 16 words nsubj advmod xcomp cc det obl:unmarked conj case obl amod punct advmod nsubj parataxis cc conj punct root Startled VERB means VERB suddenly ADV surprised ADJ or CCONJ a DET little ADJ frightened VERB by ADP something PRON unexpected ADJ , PUNCT so ADV you PRON jump VERB or CCONJ stop VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Startled startle VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 suddenly suddenly ADV _ 4 surprised advmod 4 surprised surprised ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means xcomp 5 or or CCONJ _ 8 frightened cc 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 little det 7 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 8 frightened obl:unmarked 8 frightened frighten VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 means conj 9 by by ADP _ 10 something case 10 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 8 frightened obl 11 unexpected unexpected ADJ Degree=Pos 10 something amod 12 , , PUNCT _ 15 jump punct 13 so so ADV _ 15 jump advmod 14 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 15 jump nsubj 15 jump jump VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 means parataxis 16 or or CCONJ _ 17 stop cc 17 stop stop VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 15 jump conj 18 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 startle participle vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 2 mean present surprised property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 3 frighten participle a little by something vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 4 jump present you vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 5 stop present you not said here vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Startled is also the past form of «startle», which means to surprise or frighten someone suddenly.
The tree, 16 words nsubj cop advmod det amod case punct nmod punct punct nsubj parataxis mark xcomp cc conj obj advmod punct root Startled VERB is AUX also ADV the DET past ADJ form NOUN of ADP « PUNCT startle NOUN » PUNCT , PUNCT which PRON means VERB to PART surprise VERB or CCONJ frighten VERB someone PRON suddenly ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Startled startle VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 form nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 form cop 3 also also ADV _ 6 form advmod 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 form det 5 past past ADJ Degree=Pos 6 form amod 6 form form NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 of of ADP _ 9 startle case 8 « « PUNCT _ 9 startle punct 9 startle startle NOUN Number=Sing 6 form nmod 10 » » PUNCT _ 9 startle punct 11 , , PUNCT _ 13 means punct 12 which which PRON PronType=Rel 13 means nsubj 13 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 form parataxis 14 to to PART _ 15 surprise mark 15 surprise surprise VERB VerbForm=Inf 13 means xcomp 16 or or CCONJ _ 17 frighten cc 17 frighten frighten VERB VerbForm=Inf 15 surprise conj 18 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 17 frighten obj 19 suddenly suddenly ADV _ 17 frighten advmod 20 . . PUNCT _ 6 form punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 startle participle vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 2 is a present the past form of startle tree rules 3 mean present the past form vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 4 surprise not said to happen to-infinitive the past form not said here vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 5 frighten infinitive the past form not said here someone suddenly property vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus someone=Experiencer
Example 1 The cat was startled by the loud bang.
det nsubj aux:pass case det amod obl punct root The DET cat NOUN was AUX startled VERB by ADP the DET loud ADJ bang NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 cat det 2 cat cat NOUN Number=Sing 4 startled nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 startled aux:pass 4 startled startle VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 by by ADP _ 8 bang case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 bang det 7 loud loud ADJ Degree=Pos 8 bang amod 8 bang bang NOUN Number=Sing 4 startled obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 startled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 startle past · passive the loud bang the cat vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus subject=Experiencer
Example 2 She gave a startled cry.
nsubj det amod obj punct root She PRON gave VERB a DET startled VERB cry NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 gave nsubj 2 gave give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 cry det 4 startled startle VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 cry amod 5 cry cry NOUN Number=Sing 2 gave obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 gave punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give past She a startled cry vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cry=Theme 2 startle participle vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer
Example 3 Don't startle the horse by running behind it.
aux advmod det obj mark advcl case obl punct root Do AUX n't PART startle VERB the DET horse NOUN by SCONJ running VERB behind ADP it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 startle aux 2 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 3 startle advmod 3 startle startle VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 horse det 5 horse horse NOUN Number=Sing 3 startle obj 6 by by SCONJ _ 7 running mark 7 running run VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 startle advcl 8 behind behind ADP _ 9 it case 9 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 running obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 startle punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not startle imperative · do-support you not said here the horse vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus horse=Experiencer 2 run gerund you not said here behind horse vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme behind it=Trajectory
Example 4 The deer looked up, startled, and ran away.
det nsubj compound:prt punct conj punct cc conj advmod punct root The DET deer NOUN looked VERB up ADP , PUNCT startled VERB , PUNCT and CCONJ ran VERB away ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 deer det 2 deer deer NOUN Number=Sing 3 looked nsubj 3 looked look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 up up ADP _ 3 looked compound:prt 5 , , PUNCT _ 6 startled punct 6 startled startle VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 looked conj 7 , , PUNCT _ 9 ran punct 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 ran cc 9 ran run VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 startled conj 10 away away ADV _ 9 ran advmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 looked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look up past the deer vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus 2 startle past the deer not said here vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 3 run away past the deer not said here away property vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 5 I was startled when my phone rang.
nsubj aux:pass advmod nmod:poss nsubj advcl punct root I PRON was AUX startled VERB when ADV my PRON phone NOUN rang VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 startled nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 startled aux:pass 3 startled startle VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 when when ADV PronType=Int 7 rang advmod 5 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 phone nmod:poss 6 phone phone NOUN Number=Sing 7 rang nsubj 7 rang ring VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 startled advcl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 startled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 startle past · passive I vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer 2 ring past my phone vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 6 A startled dog may bite, so let it see you coming.
det amod nsubj aux punct advmod conj obj xcomp obj xcomp punct root A DET startled VERB dog NOUN may AUX bite VERB , PUNCT so ADV let VERB it PRON see VERB you PRON coming VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 dog det 2 startled startle VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 dog amod 3 dog dog NOUN Number=Sing 5 bite nsubj 4 may may AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 bite aux 5 bite bite VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 , , PUNCT _ 8 let punct 7 so so ADV _ 8 let advmod 8 let let VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 5 bite conj 9 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 let obj 10 see see VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 let xcomp 11 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 10 see obj 12 coming come VERB VerbForm=Ger 10 see xcomp 13 . . PUNCT _ 5 bite punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 startle participle vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 2 bite may a startled dog vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent 3 let infinitive a startled dog not said here dog tree rules 4 see infinitive dog not said here you tree rules 5 come gerund you not said here vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 7 He was startled out of his sleep.
nsubj aux:pass case case nmod:poss obl punct root He PRON was AUX startled VERB out ADP of ADP his PRON sleep NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 startled nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 startled aux:pass 3 startled startle VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 out out ADP _ 7 sleep case 5 of of ADP _ 7 sleep case 6 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 sleep nmod:poss 7 sleep sleep NOUN Number=Sing 3 startled obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 startled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 startle past · passive He his sleep vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer 2 sleep his = he nom sleep «state intransitive»: poss=agent
Example 8 The startled birds flew off the fence.
det amod nsubj case det obl punct root The DET startled VERB birds NOUN flew VERB off ADP the DET fence NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 birds det 2 startled startle VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 birds amod 3 birds bird NOUN Number=Plur 4 flew nsubj 4 flew fly VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 off off ADP _ 7 fence case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 fence det 7 fence fence NOUN Number=Sing 4 flew obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 flew punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 startle participle vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 2 fly off past the startled birds the fence vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location fence=Theme
Example 9 “Bill Jukes dead!” cried the startled pirates.
punct nsubj advcl xcomp punct punct det amod obj punct root “ PUNCT Bill PROPN Jukes VERB dead ADJ ! PUNCT ” PUNCT cried VERB the DET startled VERB pirates NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 “ " PUNCT _ 3 Jukes punct 2 Bill Bill PROPN Number=Sing 3 Jukes nsubj 3 Jukes juke VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 cried advcl 4 dead dead ADJ Degree=Pos 3 Jukes xcomp 5 ! ! PUNCT _ 3 Jukes punct 6 ” " PUNCT _ 3 Jukes punct 7 cried cry VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 pirates det 9 startled startle VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 10 pirates amod 10 pirates pirate NOUN Number=Plur 7 cried obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 7 cried punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 juke in a quote present Bill dead property tree rules 2 cry speech: express past the startled pirates vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 startle participle vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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