stony Who acts: Stony, stony look, We, farmer, path, Mum · What happens: mean, cover, be, show, walk, not grow · To what, where: kind feeling, stony beach, stony field, stony look, me, window · Speech: someone speaks here
«stony» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: stony in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Stony means full of stones or covered with stones.
nsubj xcomp case obl cc conj case obl punct root Stony PROPN means VERB full ADJ of ADP stones NOUN or CCONJ covered VERB with ADP stones NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Stony Stony PROPN Number=Sing 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 full full ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means xcomp 4 of of ADP _ 5 stones case 5 stones stone NOUN Number=Plur 3 full obl 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 covered cc 7 covered cover VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 full conj 8 with with ADP _ 9 stones case 9 stones stone NOUN Number=Plur 7 covered obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Stony full property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 2 cover participle Stony not said here with stones vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with stone=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Stony means hard like stone.
nsubj xcomp case obl punct root Stony PROPN means VERB hard ADJ like ADP stone NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Stony Stony PROPN Number=Sing 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means xcomp 4 like like ADP _ 5 stone case 5 stone stone NOUN Number=Sing 3 hard obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Stony hard property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
Meaning 3 A stony look, face or silence is cold and shows no kind feeling.
The tree, 13 words det amod nsubj punct conj cc conj cop cc conj det amod obj punct root A DET stony ADJ look NOUN , PUNCT face NOUN or CCONJ silence NOUN is AUX cold ADJ and CCONJ shows VERB no DET kind ADJ feeling NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 look det 2 stony stony ADJ Degree=Pos 3 look amod 3 look look NOUN Number=Sing 9 cold nsubj 4 , , PUNCT _ 5 face punct 5 face face NOUN Number=Sing 3 look conj 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 silence cc 7 silence silence NOUN Number=Sing 3 look conj 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 cold cop 9 cold cold ADJ Degree=Pos root root 10 and and CCONJ _ 11 shows cc 11 shows show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 cold conj 12 no no DET PronType=Neg 14 feeling det 13 kind kind ADJ Degree=Pos 14 feeling amod 14 feeling feeling NOUN Number=Sing 11 shows obj 15 . . PUNCT _ 9 cold punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present a stony look and face or silence cold property tree rules 2 show present a stony look and face or silence not said here no kind feeling vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent feeling=Recipient
Example 1 We walked along the stony beach in our sandals.
nsubj case det amod obl case nmod:poss nmod punct root We PRON walked VERB along ADP the DET stony ADJ beach NOUN in ADP our PRON sandals NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 walked nsubj 2 walked walk VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 along along ADP _ 6 beach case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 beach det 5 stony stony ADJ Degree=Pos 6 beach amod 6 beach beach NOUN Number=Sing 2 walked obl 7 in in ADP _ 9 sandals case 8 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 sandals nmod:poss 9 sandals sandal NOUN Number=Plur 6 beach nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 walked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 walk past We the stony beach in our sandals vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme along beach=Trajectory
Example 2 The farmer could not grow much in the stony field.
det nsubj aux advmod advmod case det amod obl punct root The DET farmer NOUN could AUX not PART grow VERB much ADV in ADP the DET stony ADJ field NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 farmer det 2 farmer farmer NOUN Number=Sing 5 grow nsubj 3 could could AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 grow aux 4 not not PART Polarity=Neg 5 grow advmod 5 grow grow VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 much much ADV _ 5 grow advmod 7 in in ADP _ 10 field case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 field det 9 stony stony ADJ Degree=Pos 10 field amod 10 field field NOUN Number=Sing 5 grow obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 5 grow punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not grow could the farmer the stony field vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in field=Location
Example 3 The path up the hill was steep and stony.
det nsubj case det nmod cop cc conj punct root The DET path NOUN up ADP the DET hill NOUN was AUX steep ADJ and CCONJ stony ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 path det 2 path path NOUN Number=Sing 7 steep nsubj 3 up up ADP _ 5 hill case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 hill det 5 hill hill NOUN Number=Sing 2 path nmod 6 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 steep cop 7 steep steep ADJ Degree=Pos root root 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 stony cc 9 stony stony ADJ Degree=Pos 7 steep conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 7 steep punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the path up the hill steep property tree rules 2 be the path up the hill not said here tree rules
Example 4 Mum gave me a stony look when I came home late.
nsubj iobj det amod obj advmod nsubj advcl advmod advmod punct root Mum NOUN gave VERB me PRON a DET stony ADJ look NOUN when ADV I PRON came VERB home ADV late ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Mum mum NOUN Number=Sing 2 gave nsubj 2 gave give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 gave iobj 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 look det 5 stony stony ADJ Degree=Pos 6 look amod 6 look look NOUN Number=Sing 2 gave obj 7 when when ADV PronType=Int 9 came advmod 8 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 9 came nsubj 9 came come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 gave advcl 10 home home ADV _ 9 came advmod 11 late late ADV Degree=Pos 9 came advmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 gave punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give past Mum a stony look me vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent i=Recipient look=Theme 2 come past I home, late property vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 5 There was a stony silence after the teacher asked who broke the window.
expl det amod nsubj mark det nsubj csubj nsubj ccomp det obj punct root There PRON was VERB a DET stony ADJ silence NOUN after SCONJ the DET teacher NOUN asked VERB who PRON broke VERB the DET window NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 was expl 2 was be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 silence det 4 stony stony ADJ Degree=Pos 5 silence amod 5 silence silence NOUN Number=Sing 2 was nsubj 6 after after SCONJ _ 9 asked mark 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 teacher det 8 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 9 asked nsubj 9 asked ask VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 was csubj 10 who who PRON PronType=Rel 11 broke nsubj 11 broke break VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 asked ccomp 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 window det 13 window window NOUN Number=Sing 11 broke obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 was punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be past a stony silence there vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 ask speech: ask past the teacher vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 break past the window vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer window=Patient
Example 6 The headteacher listened stony-faced.
det nsubj amod punct xcomp punct root The DET headteacher NOUN listened VERB stony ADJ - PUNCT faced ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 headteacher det 2 headteacher headteacher NOUN Number=Sing 3 listened nsubj 3 listened listen VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 stony stony ADJ Degree=Pos 6 faced amod 5 - - PUNCT _ 4 stony punct 6 faced faced ADJ Degree=Pos 3 listened xcomp 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 listened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 listen past the headteacher faced property vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent
Example 7 My idea fell on stony ground; nobody liked it.
nmod:poss nsubj case amod obl punct nsubj conj obj punct root My PRON idea NOUN fell VERB on ADP stony ADJ ground NOUN ; PUNCT nobody PRON liked VERB it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 idea nmod:poss 2 idea idea NOUN Number=Sing 3 fell nsubj 3 fell fall VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 on on ADP _ 6 ground case 5 stony stony ADJ Degree=Pos 6 ground amod 6 ground ground NOUN Number=Sing 3 fell obl 7 ; ; PUNCT _ 9 liked punct 8 nobody nobody PRON Number=Sing PronType=Neg 9 liked nsubj 9 liked like VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 fell conj 10 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 liked obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 fell punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fall past My idea stony ground vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on ground=Location 2 like past nobody idea vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot it=Theme
Example 8 Plants with long roots can live in stony soil.
nsubj case amod nmod aux case amod obl punct root Plants NOUN with ADP long ADJ roots NOUN can AUX live VERB in ADP stony ADJ soil NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Plants plant NOUN Number=Plur 6 live nsubj 2 with with ADP _ 4 roots case 3 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 4 roots amod 4 roots root NOUN Number=Plur 1 Plants nmod 5 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 6 live aux 6 live live VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 in in ADP _ 9 soil case 8 stony stony ADJ Degree=Pos 9 soil amod 9 soil soil NOUN Number=Sing 6 live obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 6 live punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 live can Plants with long roots stony soil vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in soil=Location
Example 9 While the donkeys galloped along the stony road, the Marionette fancied he heard a very quiet voice whispering to him:
The tree, 20 words mark det nsubj advcl case det amod obl punct det nsubj nsubj ccomp det advmod amod obj acl case obl punct root While SCONJ the DET donkeys NOUN galloped VERB along ADP the DET stony ADJ road NOUN , PUNCT the DET Marionette PROPN fancied VERB he PRON heard VERB a DET very ADV quiet ADJ voice NOUN whispering VERB to ADP him PRON : PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 While while SCONJ _ 4 galloped mark 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 donkeys det 3 donkeys donkey NOUN Number=Plur 4 galloped nsubj 4 galloped gallop VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 12 fancied advcl 5 along along ADP _ 8 road case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 road det 7 stony stony ADJ Degree=Pos 8 road amod 8 road road NOUN Number=Sing 4 galloped obl 9 , , PUNCT _ 4 galloped punct 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 Marionette det 11 Marionette Marionette PROPN Number=Sing 12 fancied nsubj 12 fancied fancy VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 13 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 14 heard nsubj 14 heard hear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 12 fancied ccomp 15 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 18 voice det 16 very very ADV _ 17 quiet advmod 17 quiet quiet ADJ Degree=Pos 18 voice amod 18 voice voice NOUN Number=Sing 14 heard obj 19 whispering whisper VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 18 voice acl 20 to to ADP _ 21 him case 21 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 19 whispering obl 22 : : PUNCT _ 12 fancied punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 gallop past the donkeys the stony road vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme along road=Trajectory 2 fancy past the Marionette vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus 3 hear past he a quiet voice vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer voice=Stimulus 4 whisper speech: assert gerund a quiet voice not said here him = he vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to he=Recipient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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