studying Who acts: time, He, I, my, sister, She · What happens: spend, learn, practise, go, look, understand · To what, where: lessons, it, map, medicine, university, way
«studying» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: studying in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Spending time learning about a subject by reading, practising or going to lessons.
The tree, 13 words obj acl case det obl case obl punct conj cc conj case obl punct root Spending VERB time NOUN learning VERB about ADP a DET subject NOUN by ADP reading NOUN , PUNCT practising VERB or CCONJ going VERB to ADP lessons NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Spending spend VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 2 time time NOUN Number=Sing 1 Spending obj 3 learning learn VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 time acl 4 about about ADP _ 6 subject case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 subject det 6 subject subject NOUN Number=Sing 3 learning obl 7 by by ADP _ 8 reading case 8 reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 3 learning obl 9 , , PUNCT _ 10 practising punct 10 practising practise VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 1 Spending conj 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 going cc 12 going go VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 1 Spending conj 13 to to ADP _ 14 lessons case 14 lessons lesson NOUN Number=Plur 12 going obl 15 . . PUNCT _ 1 Spending punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 spend gerund time vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 2 learn gerund time not said here about a subject; by reading vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about subject=Topic 3 practise gerund tree rules 4 go gerund lessons vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to lesson=Initial_Location
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Looking at something carefully to understand it.
case obl advmod mark advcl obj punct root Looking VERB at ADP something PRON carefully ADV to PART understand VERB it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Looking look VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 2 at at ADP _ 3 something case 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 1 Looking obl 4 carefully carefully ADV _ 1 Looking advmod 5 to to PART _ 6 understand mark 6 understand understand VERB VerbForm=Inf 1 Looking advcl 7 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 understand obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 1 Looking punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look gerund at something; carefully property vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at something=Theme 2 understand to-infinitive it vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
"He was studying the map."
punct nsubj aux det obj punct punct root " PUNCT He PRON was AUX studying VERB the DET map NOUN . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 4 studying punct 2 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 studying nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 studying aux 4 studying study VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 map det 6 map map NOUN Number=Sing 4 studying obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 studying punct 8 " " PUNCT _ 4 studying punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 study in a quote past · progressive He the map vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent map=Topic
Example 1 I am studying for my spelling test.
nsubj aux case nmod:poss compound obl punct root I PRON am AUX studying VERB for ADP my PRON spelling NOUN test NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 studying nsubj 2 am be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 studying aux 3 studying study VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 for for ADP _ 7 test case 5 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 test nmod:poss 6 spelling spelling NOUN Number=Sing 7 test compound 7 test test NOUN Number=Sing 3 studying obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 studying punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 study present · progressive I for my spelling test vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent for test=Attribute 2 test my nom test «cognition transitive»: poss=agent
Example 2 My sister is studying medicine at university.
nmod:poss nsubj aux obj case obl punct root My PRON sister NOUN is AUX studying VERB medicine NOUN at ADP university NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 sister nmod:poss 2 sister sister NOUN Number=Sing 4 studying nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 studying aux 4 studying study VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 medicine medicine NOUN Number=Sing 4 studying obj 6 at at ADP _ 7 university case 7 university university NOUN Number=Sing 4 studying obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 studying punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 study present · progressive My sister medicine university vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent medicine=Topic
Example 3 She was studying the map to find the way.
nsubj aux det obj mark acl det obj punct root She PRON was AUX studying VERB the DET map NOUN to PART find VERB the DET way NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 studying nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 studying aux 3 studying study VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 map det 5 map map NOUN Number=Sing 3 studying obj 6 to to PART _ 7 find mark 7 find find VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 map acl 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 way det 9 way way NOUN Number=Sing 7 find obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 studying punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 study past · progressive She the map vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent map=Topic 2 find to-infinitive She not said here the way vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent way=Topic
Example 4 Scientists are studying how bees talk to each other.
nsubj aux advmod nsubj advcl case obl fixed punct root Scientists NOUN are AUX studying VERB how ADV bees NOUN talk VERB to ADP each DET other ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Scientists scientist NOUN Number=Plur 3 studying nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 studying aux 3 studying study VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 how how ADV PronType=Int 6 talk advmod 5 bees bee NOUN Number=Plur 6 talk nsubj 6 talk talk VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 studying advcl 7 to to ADP _ 8 each case 8 each each DET ExtPos=PRON PronType=Rcp 6 talk obl 9 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 8 each fixed 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 studying punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 study present · progressive Scientists vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 talk present bees to each vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to each=Co-Agent
Example 5 Studying a little every day works better than all at once.
csubj det obj det obl:unmarked advmod case obl case obl punct root Studying VERB a DET little ADJ every DET day NOUN works VERB better ADV than ADP all DET at ADP once ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Studying study VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 works csubj 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 little det 3 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 1 Studying obj 4 every every DET PronType=Tot 5 day det 5 day day NOUN Number=Sing 1 Studying obl:unmarked 6 works work VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 better well ADV Degree=Cmp 6 works advmod 8 than than ADP _ 9 all case 9 all all DET PronType=Tot 7 better obl 10 at at ADP _ 11 once case 11 once once ADV NumForm=Word NumType=Mult 6 works obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 6 works punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 study gerund a little day vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent little=Topic 2 work present Studying well property vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at once=Theme
Example 6 We are studying the Vikings this term.
nsubj aux det obj det appos punct root We PRON are AUX studying VERB the DET Vikings PROPN this DET term NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 studying nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 studying aux 3 studying study VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 Vikings det 5 Vikings Viking PROPN Number=Plur 3 studying obj 6 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 7 term det 7 term term NOUN Number=Sing 5 Vikings appos 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 studying punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 study present · progressive We the Vikings vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent viking=Topic
Example 7 There was once a young man who was studying to be a poet.
expl advmod det amod nsubj nsubj aux acl:relcl mark cop det advcl punct root There PRON was VERB once ADV a DET young ADJ man NOUN who PRON was AUX studying VERB to PART be AUX a DET poet NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 was expl 2 was be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 once once ADV NumForm=Word NumType=Mult 2 was advmod 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 man det 5 young young ADJ Degree=Pos 6 man amod 6 man man NOUN Number=Sing 2 was nsubj 7 who who PRON PronType=Rel 9 studying nsubj 8 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 studying aux 9 studying study VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 6 man acl:relcl 10 to to PART _ 13 poet mark 11 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 13 poet cop 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 poet det 13 poet poet NOUN Number=Sing 9 studying advcl 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 was punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be past a young man there once property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 study past · progressive a young man vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 is a to-infinitive a young man not said here a poet tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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