sung Who acts: form, I, We, whole class, sung Mass, lollipop lady · What happens: sing, use, have, be, form, mean · To what, where: sing, sung service, It, song, anthem, start · Speech: someone speaks here
«sung» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: sung in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Sung is the form of "sing" used after have, has, had and be.
The tree, 13 words advcl aux:pass det nsubj case punct nmod punct acl mark advcl punct punct parataxis cc conj punct root Sung VERB is AUX the DET form NOUN of ADP " PUNCT sing NOUN " PUNCT used VERB after SCONJ have VERB , PUNCT has VERB , PUNCT had VERB and CCONJ be VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sung sing VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 13 has advcl 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 Sung aux:pass 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 form det 4 form form NOUN Number=Sing 13 has nsubj 5 of of ADP _ 7 sing case 6 " " PUNCT _ 7 sing punct 7 sing sing NOUN Number=Sing 4 form nmod 8 " " PUNCT _ 7 sing punct 9 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 sing acl 10 after after SCONJ _ 11 have mark 11 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 used advcl 12 , , PUNCT _ 11 have punct 13 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 14 , , PUNCT _ 15 had punct 15 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 13 has parataxis 16 and and CCONJ _ 17 be cc 17 be be VERB VerbForm=Inf 15 had conj 18 . . PUNCT _ 13 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express present · passive the form of sing not said here vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V» 2 use participle sing not said here vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 have present vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 4 have present the form of sing vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 5 have past vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 6 be infinitive vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 7 form sing nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
"I have sung", "It was sung".
punct nsubj aux punct punct punct nsubj:pass aux:pass conj punct punct root " PUNCT I PRON have AUX sung VERB " PUNCT , PUNCT " PUNCT It PRON was AUX sung VERB " PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 4 sung punct 2 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 sung nsubj 3 have have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 sung aux 4 sung sing VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 5 " " PUNCT _ 4 sung punct 6 , , PUNCT _ 10 sung punct 7 " " PUNCT _ 10 sung punct 8 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 sung nsubj:pass 9 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 10 sung aux:pass 10 sung sing VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 sung conj 11 " " PUNCT _ 10 sung punct 12 . . PUNCT _ 4 sung punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express in a quote present · perfect I vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location 2 sing speech: express in a quote past · passive It vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme
Meaning 2 As an adjective, sung means performed by singing rather than speaking, as in "a sung service" or "sung prayers".
The tree, 19 words case det obl punct nsubj ccomp mark advcl compound fixed conj punct mark case punct det amod obl punct cc punct amod conj punct punct root As ADP an DET adjective NOUN , PUNCT sung VERB means VERB performed VERB by SCONJ singing VERB rather ADV than ADP speaking VERB , PUNCT as SCONJ in ADP " PUNCT a DET sung VERB service NOUN " PUNCT or CCONJ " PUNCT sung VERB prayers NOUN " PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 As as ADP _ 3 adjective case 2 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 adjective det 3 adjective adjective NOUN Number=Sing 6 means obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 adjective punct 5 sung sing VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 means nsubj 6 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 performed perform VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 means ccomp 8 by by SCONJ _ 9 singing mark 9 singing sing VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 7 performed advcl 10 rather rather ADV ExtPos=CCONJ 12 speaking compound 11 than than ADP _ 10 rather fixed 12 speaking speak VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 9 singing conj 13 , , PUNCT _ 19 service punct 14 as as SCONJ _ 19 service mark 15 in in ADP _ 19 service case 16 " " PUNCT _ 19 service punct 17 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 19 service det 18 sung sing VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 19 service amod 19 service service NOUN Number=Sing 9 singing obl 20 " " PUNCT _ 19 service punct 21 or or CCONJ _ 24 prayers cc 22 " " PUNCT _ 24 prayers punct 23 sung sing VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 24 prayers amod 24 prayers prayer NOUN Number=Plur 19 service conj 25 " " PUNCT _ 24 prayers punct 26 . . PUNCT _ 6 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express participle vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 mean present as a adjective vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 perform participle vn performance-26.7 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 sing speech: express gerund a sung service or sung prayers vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in service=Location 5 speak speech: other gerund vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent 6 sing speech: express in a quote participle vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme 7 sing speech: express in a quote participle vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 1 We have sung that song three times today.
nsubj aux det obj nummod obl:unmarked obl:unmarked punct root We PRON have AUX sung VERB that DET song NOUN three NUM times NOUN today NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 sung nsubj 2 have have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 sung aux 3 sung sing VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 4 that that DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 5 song det 5 song song NOUN Number=Sing 3 sung obj 6 three three NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 7 times nummod 7 times time NOUN Number=Plur 3 sung obl:unmarked 8 today today NOUN Number=Sing 3 sung obl:unmarked 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 sung punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express present · perfect We that song time; today vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location song=Theme
Example 2 The anthem was sung at the start of the match.
det nsubj:pass aux:pass case det obl case det nmod punct root The DET anthem NOUN was AUX sung VERB at ADP the DET start NOUN of ADP the DET match NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 anthem det 2 anthem anthem NOUN Number=Sing 4 sung nsubj:pass 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 sung aux:pass 4 sung sing VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 at at ADP _ 7 start case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 start det 7 start start NOUN Number=Sing 4 sung obl 8 of of ADP _ 10 match case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 match det 10 match match NOUN Number=Sing 7 start nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 4 sung punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express past · passive the anthem the start of the match vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme 2 start the match nom start «event transitive»: of=patient
Example 3 Happy Birthday was sung loudly by the whole class.
amod nsubj aux:pass advmod case det amod obl punct root Happy ADJ Birthday PROPN was AUX sung VERB loudly ADV by ADP the DET whole ADJ class NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Happy happy ADJ Degree=Pos 2 Birthday amod 2 Birthday Birthday PROPN Number=Sing 4 sung nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 sung aux:pass 4 sung sing VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 loudly loudly ADV _ 4 sung advmod 6 by by ADP _ 9 class case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 class det 8 whole whole ADJ Degree=Pos 9 class amod 9 class class NOUN Number=Sing 4 sung obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 sung punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express past · passive the whole class Happy Birthday loudly property vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme
Example 4 On Sundays there is a sung Mass at eleven.
case obl expl det amod nsubj case nmod punct root On ADP Sundays PROPN there PRON is VERB a DET sung VERB Mass NOUN at ADP eleven NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 On on ADP _ 2 Sundays case 2 Sundays Sunday PROPN Number=Plur 4 is obl 3 there there PRON PronType=Dem 4 is expl 4 is be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 Mass det 6 sung sing VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 Mass amod 7 Mass mass NOUN Number=Sing 4 is nsubj 8 at at ADP _ 9 eleven case 9 eleven eleven NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 7 Mass nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 is punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be present a sung Mass at eleven there sunday vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 sing speech: express participle vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 5 The choir had sung beautifully.
det nsubj:pass aux advmod punct root The DET choir NOUN had AUX sung VERB beautifully ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 choir det 2 choir choir NOUN Number=Sing 4 sung nsubj:pass 3 had have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 sung aux 4 sung sing VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 beautifully beautifully ADV _ 4 sung advmod 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 sung punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express past · perfect · passive the choir beautifully property vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme
Example 6 The lollipop lady is an unsung hero of our school.
det compound nsubj cop det amod case nmod:poss nmod punct root The DET lollipop NOUN lady NOUN is AUX an DET unsung ADJ hero NOUN of ADP our PRON school NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 lady det 2 lollipop lollipop NOUN Number=Sing 3 lady compound 3 lady lady NOUN Number=Sing 7 hero nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 hero cop 5 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 hero det 6 unsung unsung ADJ Degree=Pos 7 hero amod 7 hero hero NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 of of ADP _ 10 school case 9 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 10 school nmod:poss 10 school school NOUN Number=Sing 7 hero nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 7 hero punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present the lollipop lady a unsung hero of our school tree rules
Example 7 Now she heard the following words sadly sung,--
advmod nsubj det amod obj advmod acl punct punct root Now ADV she PRON heard VERB the DET following VERB words NOUN sadly ADV sung VERB , PUNCT -- PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Now now ADV PronType=Dem 3 heard advmod 2 she she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 heard nsubj 3 heard hear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 words det 5 following follow VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 words amod 6 words word NOUN Number=Plur 3 heard obj 7 sadly sadly ADV _ 8 sung advmod 8 sung sing VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 words acl 9 , , PUNCT _ 8 sung punct 10 -- -- PUNCT _ 3 heard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hear past she the following words now vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer word=Stimulus 2 follow gerund vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 3 sing speech: express participle the following words not said here sadly property vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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