sustain Who acts: food, support, Plants, sunlight, good breakfast, runner · What happens: sustain, be, go, need, live, break · To what, where: something, someone, them, support, injury, weight · Speech: someone speaks here
«sustain» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: sustain in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To sustain something is to keep it going for a long time.
mark advcl obj cop mark obj xcomp case det amod obl punct root To PART sustain VERB something PRON is AUX to PART keep VERB it PRON going VERB for ADP a DET long ADJ time NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 sustain mark 2 sustain sustain VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 keep advcl 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 sustain obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 keep cop 5 to to PART _ 6 keep mark 6 keep keep VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 7 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 keep obj 8 going go VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 keep xcomp 9 for for ADP _ 12 time case 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 time det 11 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 12 time amod 12 time time NOUN Number=Sing 8 going obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 keep punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain to-infinitive something vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent something=Theme 2 is present keep property tree rules 3 go gerund time vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To sustain someone is to give them the food, strength or support they need to live.
The tree, 16 words mark csubj obj cop mark iobj det obj punct conj cc conj nsubj acl:relcl mark xcomp punct root To PART sustain VERB someone PRON is AUX to PART give VERB them PRON the DET food NOUN , PUNCT strength NOUN or CCONJ support NOUN they PRON need VERB to PART live VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 sustain mark 2 sustain sustain VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 give csubj 3 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 sustain obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 give cop 5 to to PART _ 6 give mark 6 give give VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 give iobj 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 food det 9 food food NOUN Number=Sing 6 give obj 10 , , PUNCT _ 11 strength punct 11 strength strength NOUN Number=Sing 9 food conj 12 or or CCONJ _ 13 support cc 13 support support NOUN Number=Sing 9 food conj 14 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 15 need nsubj 15 need need VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 support acl:relcl 16 to to PART _ 17 live mark 17 live live VERB VerbForm=Inf 15 need xcomp 18 . . PUNCT _ 6 give punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain to-infinitive someone vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent someone=Theme 2 is present them = they give property tree rules 3 need present food support not said here tree rules 4 live not said to happen to-infinitive support not said here vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Meaning 3 To sustain an injury or damage is to suffer it (formal).
mark advcl det obj cc conj cop mark obj punct parataxis punct punct root To PART sustain VERB an DET injury NOUN or CCONJ damage NOUN is AUX to PART suffer VERB it PRON ( PUNCT formal ADJ ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 sustain mark 2 sustain sustain VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 suffer advcl 3 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 injury det 4 injury injury NOUN Number=Sing 2 sustain obj 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 damage cc 6 damage damage NOUN Number=Sing 4 injury conj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 suffer cop 8 to to PART _ 9 suffer mark 9 suffer suffer VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 10 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 suffer obj 11 ( ( PUNCT _ 12 formal punct 12 formal formal ADJ Degree=Pos 9 suffer parataxis 13 ) ) PUNCT _ 12 formal punct 14 . . PUNCT _ 9 suffer punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain to-infinitive a injury or damage vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent injury=Theme 2 is present suffer property tree rules
Meaning 4 To sustain a weight is to hold it up without breaking.
mark advcl det obj cop mark obj compound:prt mark advcl punct root To PART sustain VERB a DET weight NOUN is AUX to PART hold VERB it PRON up ADP without SCONJ breaking VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 sustain mark 2 sustain sustain VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 hold advcl 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 weight det 4 weight weight NOUN Number=Sing 2 sustain obj 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 hold cop 6 to to PART _ 7 hold mark 7 hold hold VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 8 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 hold obj 9 up up ADP _ 7 hold compound:prt 10 without without SCONJ _ 11 breaking mark 11 breaking break VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 7 hold advcl 12 . . PUNCT _ 7 hold punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain to-infinitive a weight vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent weight=Theme 2 is present hold property tree rules 3 break gerund vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient
Example 1 Plants need sunlight to sustain life.
nsubj obj mark xcomp obj punct root Plants NOUN need VERB sunlight NOUN to PART sustain VERB life NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Plants plant NOUN Number=Plur 2 need nsubj 2 need need VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 sunlight sunlight NOUN Number=Sing 2 need obj 4 to to PART _ 5 sustain mark 5 sustain sustain VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 need xcomp 6 life life NOUN Number=Sing 5 sustain obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 need punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 need present Plants sunlight tree rules 2 sustain not said to happen to-infinitive sunlight not said here life vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent life=Theme
Example 2 A good breakfast will sustain you until lunch.
det amod nsubj aux obj case obl punct root A DET good ADJ breakfast NOUN will AUX sustain VERB you PRON until ADP lunch NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 breakfast det 2 good good ADJ Degree=Pos 3 breakfast amod 3 breakfast breakfast NOUN Number=Sing 5 sustain nsubj 4 will will AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 sustain aux 5 sustain sustain VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 5 sustain obj 7 until until ADP _ 8 lunch case 8 lunch lunch NOUN Number=Sing 5 sustain obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 sustain punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain future a good breakfast you until lunch vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent you=Theme
Example 3 The runner could not sustain her speed.
det nsubj aux advmod nmod:poss obj punct root The DET runner NOUN could AUX not PART sustain VERB her PRON speed NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 runner det 2 runner runner NOUN Number=Sing 5 sustain nsubj 3 could could AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 sustain aux 4 not not PART Polarity=Neg 5 sustain advmod 5 sustain sustain VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 speed nmod:poss 7 speed speed NOUN Number=Sing 5 sustain obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 sustain punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not sustain could the runner runner's speed vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent speed=Theme
Example 4 Two people sustained minor injuries in the crash.
nummod nsubj amod obj case det obl punct root Two NUM people NOUN sustained VERB minor ADJ injuries NOUN in ADP the DET crash NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 2 people nummod 2 people people NOUN Number=Plur 3 sustained nsubj 3 sustained sustain VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 minor minor ADJ Degree=Pos 5 injuries amod 5 injuries injury NOUN Number=Plur 3 sustained obj 6 in in ADP _ 8 crash case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 crash det 8 crash crash NOUN Number=Sing 3 sustained obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 sustained punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain past Two people minor injuries the crash vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent injury=Theme
Example 5 The bridge can sustain heavy lorries.
det nsubj aux amod obj punct root The DET bridge NOUN can AUX sustain VERB heavy ADJ lorries NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 bridge det 2 bridge bridge NOUN Number=Sing 4 sustain nsubj 3 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 sustain aux 4 sustain sustain VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 heavy heavy ADJ Degree=Pos 6 lorries amod 6 lorries lorry NOUN Number=Plur 4 sustain obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 sustain punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain can the bridge heavy lorries vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent lorry=Theme
Example 6 Christians believe God sustains the world.
nsubj nsubj ccomp det obj punct root Christians PROPN believe VERB God PROPN sustains VERB the DET world NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Christians Christian PROPN Number=Plur 2 believe nsubj 2 believe believe VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 God God PROPN Number=Sing 4 sustains nsubj 4 sustains sustain VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 believe ccomp 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 world det 6 world world NOUN Number=Sing 4 sustains obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 believe punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 believe present Christians vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus 2 sustain present God the world vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent world=Theme
Example 7 The class sustained their attention for the whole film.
det nsubj nmod:poss obj case det amod obl punct root The DET class NOUN sustained VERB their PRON attention NOUN for ADP the DET whole ADJ film NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 class det 2 class class NOUN Number=Sing 3 sustained nsubj 3 sustained sustain VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 attention nmod:poss 5 attention attention NOUN Number=Sing 3 sustained obj 6 for for ADP _ 9 film case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 film det 8 whole whole ADJ Degree=Pos 9 film amod 9 film film NOUN Number=Sing 3 sustained obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 sustained punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain past the class their attention for the whole film vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent attention=Theme 2 attend their = they nom attention «cognition intransitive»: poss=agent
Example 8 Perhaps without anything to sustain life I may drag on my existence for a day or two.
The tree, 17 words advmod case mark acl obj nsubj aux acl:relcl case nmod:poss obl case det obl cc conj punct root Perhaps ADV without ADP anything PRON to PART sustain VERB life NOUN I PRON may AUX drag VERB on ADP my PRON existence NOUN for ADP a DET day NOUN or CCONJ two NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Perhaps perhaps ADV _ 3 anything advmod 2 without without ADP _ 3 anything case 3 anything anything PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind root root 4 to to PART _ 5 sustain mark 5 sustain sustain VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 anything acl 6 life life NOUN Number=Sing 5 sustain obj 7 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 9 drag nsubj 8 may may AUX VerbForm=Fin 9 drag aux 9 drag drag VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 anything acl:relcl 10 on on ADP _ 12 existence case 11 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 12 existence nmod:poss 12 existence existence NOUN Number=Sing 9 drag obl 13 for for ADP _ 15 day case 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 day det 15 day day NOUN Number=Sing 9 drag obl 16 or or CCONJ _ 17 two cc 17 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 15 day conj 18 . . PUNCT _ 3 anything punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain to-infinitive life vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent life=Theme 2 drag may I my existence day vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on existence=Location 3 exist my nom existence «state intransitive»: poss=agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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